Fig. 2

Effect of TSA or LPS pre-treatment on cytokines release in glial cells. (A) Experimental design. TSA pre- treatment: glial cells were treated with different concentrations of TSA (0.1 and/or 1, 10, 100 nM). LPS (10 ng/ml) was added after 18 h (for TSA long-term exposure), (panel B, refer to (B)); or 1 h (for TSA short -term exposure), (panel C, refer to (C) with dotted line). LPS pre- treatment: glia cells were treated with LPS (10 ng/ml) followed by TSA (1, 10, 100 nM) after 1 h (panel C, refer to (C) with continuous line). (B) Protein levels of TNF-α (i), IL -1β (ii) and IL -10 (iii) were measured in the culture medium after 24 h by biological assay or ELISA for the condition described in (A), panel B. (C) TNF -α release after short pre-treatment (1 h) with TSA (1, 10, 100 nM) or LPS (10 ng/ml), according to panel C of (A). Data are mean ± SEM of two to four independent experiments in triplicate. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, LPS + TSA vs LPS; + p < 0.05, +  + p < 0.01, TSA + LPS vs LPS.