Fig. 5

Flow cytometric quantification of Annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining demonstrated augmented apoptotic cell fractions in BMP2-knockdown populations (si-BMP2 vs si-NC controls), with conversely attenuated apoptosis observed in BMP2-overexpressing cohorts (OE vs vector controls). Representative density plots illustrate distinct quadrant distributions corresponding to viable (Annexin V⁻/PI⁻), early apoptotic (Annexin V⁺/PI⁻), and late apoptotic (Annexin V⁺/PI⁺) cellular states. *p < 0.05.