Table 2 Comorbidities and medicines consumption in participants grouped according to hospitalization and SARS-CoV-2 infection status between March 2020 and February 2021.

From: Cognitive impairment 2 years after mild to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population-based study with matched-comparison groups

 

Hospitalized

P value

Non-hospitalized

P value

For COVID-19

Uninfected

Infected

Uninfected

Group #1

Group #2

Group #3

Group #4

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

67 (66.3)

55 (63.2)

0.655

94 (37.3)

78 (30.2)

0.091

 Hypercholesterolemia

62 (61.4)

57 (65.5)

0.558

83 (32.9)

89 (34.5)

0.710

 Obesity

47 (46.5)

31 (35.6)

0.130

41 (16.3)

39 (15.1)

0.706

 Diabetes type II

30 (28.7)

23 (26.4)

0.533

36 (14.3)

28 (10.9)

0.235

 Glaucoma

2 (2.0)

1 (1.1)

0.650

3 (1.2)

6 (2.3)

0.333

 Retinopathy

1 (1.0)

1 (1.1)

0.915

6 (2.4)

7 (2.7)

0.823

 Angina pectoris

2 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

0.187

2 (0.8)

3 (1.2)

0.676

 Acute myocardial infarction

2 (2.0)

5 (5.7)

0.174

2 (0.8)

4 (1.6)

0.431

 Heart failure

5 (5.0)

7 (8.0)

0.387

3 (1.2)

4 (1.6)

0.731

 Arrhythmia

3 (3.0)

0 (0.0)

0.105

28 (11.2)

21 (8.1)

0.249

 Another heart disease

23 (22.8)

22 (25.3)

0.687

17 (6.7)

17 (6.6)

0.943

 Peripheral arterial disease

1 (1.0)

3 (3.4)

0.244

2 (0.8)

5 (1.9)

0.269

 Stroke

1 (1.0)

4 (4.6)

0.125

3 (1.2)

2 (0.8)

0.631

 Transient ischemic attack

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0.280

7 (2.8)

3 (1.2)

0.186

 Brain aneurism

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

n/a

2 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

0.151

 Epilepsy

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

n/a

11 (4.4)

4 (1.6)

0.059

 Another neurological disease

4 (4.0)

1 (1.1)

0.232

2 (0.8)

2 (0.8)

0.978

 Anxiety

10 (9.9)

5 (5.7)

0.295

66 (26.3)

58 (22.5)

0.316

 Depression

19 (18.8)

12 (13.8)

0.411

69 (27.5)

65 (25.4)

0.592

 Another psychiatric problem

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0.280

7 (2.8)

2 (0.8)

0.088

 Cancer

15 (14.9)

23 (26.4)

0.049

20 (8.0)

29 (11.2)

0.216

 Asthma

7 (6.9)

4 (4.6)

0.497

27 (10.8)

25 (9.7)

0.702

 Rhinitis

4 (4.0)

6 (6.9)

0.371

55 (21.9)

46 (17.8)

0.248

 Pulmonary emphysema

1 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

0.352

1 (0.4)

4 (1.6)

0.188

 Chronic bronchitis

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

n/a

7 (2.8)

6 (2.3)

0.740

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

0 (0.0)

4 (4.6)

0.029

2 (0.8)

2 (0.8)

0.978

 Obstructive sleep apnea

19 (18.8)

12 (13.8)

0.355

12 (4.8)

5 (1.9)

0.074

 Hypoacusia

3 (3.0)

1 (1.1)

0.388

10 (4.0)

10 (3.9)

0.950

 Hypothyroidism

3 (3.0)

3 (3.4)

0.853

9 (3.6)

6 (2.3)

0.401

 Hyperthyroidism

0 (0.0)

3 (3.4)

0.060

15 (6.0)

10 (3.9)

0.277

 Osteoporosis

5 (5.0)

4 (4.6)

0.910

15 (6.0)

16 (6.2)

0.915

 Osteoarthritis

16 (15.8)

18 (20.7)

0.389

51 (20.3)

39 (15.1)

0.124

 Rheumatoid arthritis

1 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

0.352

4 (1.6)

6 (2.3)

0.548

 Lupus

1 (1.0)

1 (1.1)

0.915

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

0.323

 Hernia

12 (11.9)

11 (12.6)

0.874

50 (20.0)

41 (15.9)

0.227

 Urinary incontinence

6 (5.9)

12 (13.8)

0.068

30 (12.0)

34 (13.2)

0.677

 Kidney disease

15 (14.9)

20 (23.0)

0.153

27 (10.8)

17 (6.6)

0.094

 Gastric disease

25 (24.8)

32 (36.8)

0.074

45 (17.9)

49 (19.0)

0.741

 Liver disease

9 (8.9)

9 (10.3)

0.739

21 (8.3)

10 (3.9)

0.035

 Allergies

2 (2.0)

1 (1.1)

0.650

52 (20.8)

40 (15.5)

0.121

 Another disease

49 (48.5)

47 (54.0)

0.451

84 (33.9)

91 (35.3)

0.741

Medicines consumption

 Number of medicinesa

  

0.075

  

0.711

  None

9 (8.9)

7 (8.0)

 

73 (29.0)

87 (33.7)

 

  1–2/day

25 (24.8)

9 (10.3)

 

77 (30.6)

74 (28.7)

 

  3–4/day

28 (27.7)

30 (34.5)

 

66 (26.2)

64 (24.8)

 

  ≥ 5/day

39 (38.6)

41 (47.1)

 

36 (14.3)

33 (12.8)

 

 Median (25th, 75th percentiles)

4 (2,8)

5 (3,7)

0.211

2 (0,4)

1 (0,4)

0.936

 Consumption of at least one medicine of the ATC class

  Drugs used in diabetesb

30 (29.7)

29 (33.3)

0.593

37 (14.7)

29 (11.2)

0.247

  Drugs used in hypertensionb,c

65 (64.4)

59 (67.8)

0.618

75 (29.8)

77 (29.8)

0.984

  Lipid-modifying agentsb

45 (44.6)

49 (56.3)

0.108

64 (25.4)

69 (26.7)

0.729

  Drugs used in the nervous systemb

42 (41.6)

37 (42.5)

0.896

71 (28.2)

75 (29.1)

0.823

  Psychoanalepticsb

23 (22.8)

18 (20.7)

0.730

46 (18.3)

40 (15.5)

0.407

  Antidepressantsb

22 (21.8)

18 (20.7)

0.855

45 (17.9)

40 (15.5)

0.476

  Psycholepticsb

21 (20.8)

18 (20.7)

0.986

30 (11.9)

37 (14.3)

0.415

  Benzodiazepinesb

18 (17.8)

15 (17.2)

0.917

24 (9.5)

30 (11.6)

0.440

  1. Significant values are in [bold].
  2. aExcept contraceptives; medicines that are a combination of drugs were counted as one.
  3. bMedicines containing one or a combination of drugs were classified according to the anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification.
  4. cThis category of medicines includes the ATC codes for antihypertensives (C02), diuretics (C03), beta blocking agents (C07), calcium channel blockers (C08), agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system (C09).
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