Table 1 Characteristics of participants without and with LVH based on transthoracic echocardiography.
From: Left ventricular hypertrophy among adults in a population-based cohort in Haiti
Characteristic | Overall N = 1040 (100.0%) | No LVH N = 634 (60.9%) | With LVH N = 406 (39.0%) | p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Sex, female | 698 (67.1) | 422 (66.6) | 276 (67.98) | 0.6 |
Age (mean, SD) | 48.5 (15.3) | 45.6 (15.6) | 53.0 (13.8) | < 0.001 |
Age, years | < 0.001 | |||
18–29 | 159 (15.3) | 133 (21.0) | 26 (6.4) | |
30–39 | 147 (14.1) | 100 (15.8) | 47 (11.6) | |
40–49 | 210 (20.2) | 134 (21.1) | 76 (18.7) | |
50–59 | 235 (22.6) | 127 (20.0) | 108 (26.6) | |
60+ | 289 (27.8) | 140 (22.1) | 149 (36.7) | |
Daily income, < 1 USD/day | 748 (71.9) | 460 (72.6) | 288 (70.9) | 0.6 |
Education | < 0.001 | |||
< Secondary | 524 (50.5) | 291 (46.0) | 233 (57.5) | |
≥ Secondary | 513 (49.5) | 341 (54.0) | 172 (42.5) | |
Unknown | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
Health behaviours | ||||
Fruit and vegetable intake | 0.2 | |||
< 5 servings a day | 1033 (99.6) | 628 (99.4) | 405 (100.0) | |
≥ 5 servings a day | 4 (0.4) | 4 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
Unknown | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
Smoking status | 0.8 | |||
Current | 43 (4.2) | 27 (4.3) | 16 (4.0) | |
Never/former | 987 (95.8) | 602 (95.7) | 385 (96.0) | |
Unknown | 10 | 5 | 5 | |
Alcohol intake | 0.6 | |||
< 1 drink a day (low) | 1005 (97.1) | 614 (97.3) | 391 (96.8) | |
≥ 1 + drink a day (moderate or higher) | 30 (2.9) | 17 (2.7) | 13 (3.2) | |
Unknown | 5 | 3 | 2 | |
Physical activity | 0.4 | |||
≤ 150 min/week (low) | 496 (47.9) | 309 (49.0) | 187 (46.3) | |
> 150 min/week (moderate-high) | 539 (52.1) | 322 (51.0) | 217 (53.7) | |
Unknown | 5 | 3 | 2 | |
CVD risk factors | ||||
SBP (mean, SD) | 138.6 (26.6) | 132.2 (24.6) | 148.6 (26.6) | < 0.001 |
DBP (mean, SD) | 82.8 (16.7) | 79.5 (15.9) | 88.0 (16.6) | < 0.001 |
Blood pressure classification3 | < 0.001 | |||
Normal | 250 (24.0) | 200 (31.6) | 50 (12.3) | |
Pre-hypertension | 139 (13.37) | 105 (16.6) | 34 (8.4) | |
Hypertension | 651 (62.6) | 329 (51.9) | 322 (79.3) | |
Taking antihypertensives | 216 (20.8) | 110 (17.4) | 106 (26.1) | < 0.001 |
BMI category | 0.065 | |||
Underweight | 47 (4.5) | 33 (5.2) | 14 (3.5) | |
Normal | 433 (41.6) | 279 (44.0) | 154 (37.9) | |
Overweight | 318 (30.6) | 187 (29.5) | 131 (32.3) | |
Obese | 242 (23.3) | 135 (21.3) | 107 (26.4) | |
Diabetes mellitus | 92 (8.9) | 48 (7.6) | 44 (10.8) | 0.070 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 184 (17.7) | 102 (16.1) | 82 (20.2) | 0.090 |
