Table 2 Land cover categorization system.

From: Exploring spatial–temporal evolution patterns of urban heat islands in summer and winter: evidence from a megacity of China

Category

Type

Description

Image example

Artificial surface

Artificial surface

Lands covered by roads, industrial and mining sites, buildings, and other construction areas

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Wetland

Constructed wetland

Man-made water facilities, including reservoirs, channels, ponds, ditches, etc

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Natural open water

Rivers and lakes

Natural wetland

Lands covered with diverse herbaceous vegetation, characterized by prolonged excessive moisture or waterlogged conditions

Cropland

Cropland

Cultivated lands utilized for crop planting, including paddy fields and dry lands

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Green land

Green land

Lands covered by grass, shrubs, trees, or other types of terrestrial vegetation

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Unvegetated land

Unvegetated land

Lands without any natural or artificial coverage

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  1. The example images are composed from Landsat OLI data, with R: G: B = band 5: band 4: band 3.