Table 5 Land cover change types from 2013 to 2023 in the Shenzhen city.

From: Exploring spatial–temporal evolution patterns of urban heat islands in summer and winter: evidence from a megacity of China

Land cover change types

2013–2018

2018–2023

Area/km2

Percentage (%)

Area/km2

Percentage (%)

Artificial surface → Constructed wetland

0.86

0.45

3.29

1.54

Artificial surface → Cropland

19.89

10.48

9.92

4.64

Artificial surface → Green land

3.34

1.76

27.14

12.69

Artificial surface → Unvegetated land

0.11

0.06

0.43

0.20

Constructed wetland → Artificial surface

1.88

0.99

1.29

0.60

Constructed wetland → Cropland

6.13

3.23

0.94

0.44

Constructed wetland → Green land

0.03

0.01

0.00

0.00

Constructed wetland → Unvegetated land

0.04

0.02

0.03

0.01

Natural open water → Artificial surface

1.20

0.63

0.50

0.24

Natural open water → Cropland

0.94

0.49

0.01

0.01

Natural open water → Green land

0.42

0.22

0.16

0.07

Natural wetland → Artificial surface

0.08

0.04

0.48

0.22

Natural wetland → Constructed wetland

0.43

0.23

1.22

0.57

Natural wetland → Cropland

0.14

0.07

0.00

0.00

Natural wetland → Green land

0.75

0.40

2.22

1.04

Cropland → Artificial surface

50.88

26.82

0.09

0.04

Cropland → Constructed wetland

0.01

0.01

0.15

0.07

Cropland → Green land

50.55

26.64

91.18

42.63

Cropland → Natural wetland

0.86

0.45

1.26

0.59

Cropland → Unvegetated land

0.05

0.03

0.66

0.31

Green land → Artificial surface

5.16

2.72

47.45

22.19

Green land → Constructed wetland

2.66

1.40

11.68

5.46

Green land → Cropland

36.77

19.38

9.40

4.40

Green land → Natural wetland

3.03

1.60

1.20

0.56

Green land → Unvegetated land

2.04

1.08

0.44

0.21

Unvegetated land → Artificial surface

0.67

0.35

0.63

0.30

Unvegetated land → Cropland

0.11

0.06

0.00

0.00

Unvegetated land → Green land

0.70

0.37

2.09

0.98

Total

189.75

100.00

213.87

100.00

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