Table 7 Evaluation values of each driving factor used for factor detection.

From: Exploring spatial–temporal evolution patterns of urban heat islands in summer and winter: evidence from a megacity of China

Parameter/Season

NDWI

NDVI

NDBI

GDP

PD

PM2.5

DEM

Land cover type

w statistic

Summer

0.554

0.625

0.582

0.287

0.556

0.262

0.423

0.664

Winter

0.218

0.248

0.319

0.142

0.315

0.155

0.303

0.394

P value

Summer

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Winter

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000