Table 1 Summary of the reviewed literature.

Liu et al.²⁰

Visible Light Positioning with LED & Rotatable Photo Detector

High accuracy in walls and corners

Limited to environments with proper lighting conditions

Nabati & Ghorashi²¹

DNN-based Fingerprinting with RSS samples

Real-time, high-speed, and precise positioning

Performance depends on RSS stability

Mazlan et al.²²

KD-CNN for Indoor Object Localization

Faster positioning with high accuracy

Requires large pre-trained CNN models for training

Zhang et al.²³

Attention-augmented Residual CNN (RCNN) with CSI fingerprints

Improves tracking and localization accuracy

Requires a large CSI dataset for training

Liu et al.²⁴

Clustering-based Noise Elimination Scheme (CNES) for RSSI

Enhances data quality and improves classifier performance

Sensitive to incorrect clustering parameters

Laska & Blankenbach²⁵

Unified Neural Network for Floor & Position Estimation

Reduce errors using Multi-Cell Encoding Learning (multi-CEL)

Performance varies with building layout complexity

Wang et al.²⁶

WiFi Fingerprinting with Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCN)

Better depth perception in indoor 3D localization

Requires extensive spatiotemporal data for accuracy

Sammy & Vigila²⁷

A blockchain method to keep patient records safe in the cloud

Keeps data private and removes the need for a third party

Can be hard to use and may slow things down

Umran et al.²⁸

A blockchain system to protect power plant equipment

Uses less power, works fast, and keeps data safe

Hard to set up and may not work with old systems

Shaikh & Iliev²⁹

A blockchain system to make online payments safe

Protect payments, stop hackers, and keep data private

Can make payments slow and may not work well for big websites