Table 1 Types of solutions encountered in the literature, including working definitions used in this paper.
Solution type | Solutions | Definitions |
|---|---|---|
Type 1: Fuel wood supply | Afforestation / reforestation (Forestation) | Intentional creation of new/restoration of lost or degraded areas of forest (or similar wooded habitats) using native species. This can include the direct replacement of trees shortly after they are felled. |
Agroforestry | The incorporation of trees (native, exotic or mixed) into agricultural areas and practices. | |
Shelterbelts/windbreaks | A line of trees or shrubs (native, exotic or mixed) planted to protect an area from fierce weather and/or erosion. | |
Woodlots/plantations | Purposefully planted stands of trees (native, exotic or mixed) on private or community owned land to provide wood fuel (among possible other uses). Wood grown may be used directly and/or sold. | |
Participatory forest management (PFM) | Management of forests (or other wooded habitats) by local communities and/or other relevant stakeholders to ensure that offtake is sustainable and fair. | |
Type 2: Technology change | Non-renewable fuels and technologies | Non-wood cooking fuels (and appropriate stoves) that are derived from non-renewable (typically fossil-based) sources, including kerosene, natural gas and LPG,. Not including electric stoves. |
Renewable biomass fuels | Non-wood cooking fuels (and appropriate stoves) that are derived from renewable sources such as agricultural residues, and animal/human waste, including biogas, ethanol, and briquettes. | |
Electric stoves | Cooking stoves that run solely from an electricity source, rather than from direct burning of a fuel source to produce cooking heat. Electricity may be sourced from either renewable or non-renewable sources. | |
Improved cookstoves (ICS) for wood-based cooking | Wood-/charcoal-burning cookstoves with improved designs that increase burning efficiency and/or reduce emissions. | |
Improved ventilation | Increasing ventilation (e.g. using chimneys, windows or relocating outside) in a home or workplace to reduce excessive exposure to smoke and airborne particulates. | |
Type 3: External interventions | Livelihood-related interventions | Provision of alternatives, compensation, or incentives (in either monetary or non-monetary form), to reduce the prevalence of damaging/undesirable activities. |
Legal/regulatory interventions | Action on the part of the government, police or other authorities to develop and enforce legal or regulatory changes that prohibit/limit one or more activities. | |
Education/awareness-raising for behaviour change | Targeted education or awareness-raising designed to encourage the use of one practice over another. | |
Improved access to health services/equipment | Any action that allows people greater access to health services (e.g. building hospitals, providing insurance) or to health and safety equipment. |
