Fig. 1

The lipreading task design. Each trial started with instruction whether full sentences or string of words will be presented and the topic of the material (e.g., sport). Following the instruction, 20 s of speech material was presented in one of three variants: (1) clip with sound (audiovisual lexical), (2) without sound (visual lexical), (3) without sound and played backwards (non-lexical visual). Additionally, 25% of the time, a static face of the voice actress without speech material (static-control) was presented instead. After the speech material, an interactive scale was presented. Participants were instructed to indicate how well they understood the speech material. Fixation cross was presented for 4 s after each trial.