Table 1 The 20 most differentiated single nucleotide polymorphisms between AF-E (n = 1,515) and Madagascar (n = 24), based on alternate allele frequency. REF = 3D7 reference strain nucleotide, ALT = alternate nucleotide.

From: Disparate co-evolution and prevalence of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine resistance alleles and haplotypes at dhfr and dhps genes across Africa

Genomic Position

REF

ALTs

East Africa ALT Freq.

Madagascar ALT Freq.

FST

Gene ID

Gene name

Amino acid change

Mutation type

Pf3D7_05_v3:1141578

A

C

0.00

0.92

0.91

PF3D7_0527400

  

3’ UTR variant

Pf3D7_05_v3:1145481

C

A

0.00

0.92

0.91

PF3D7_0527500

HIP

 

3’ UTR variant

Pf3D7_05_v3:1139023

A

G

0.01

0.92

0.90

Intergenic region: PF3D7_0527300 - PF3D7_0527400

  

Intergenic region

Pf3D7_05_v3:1140984

T

G

0.00

0.90

0.89

PF3D7_0527400

 

Leu120Val

Non-synonymous

Pf3D7_05_v3:1140987

G

A

0.00

0.90

0.89

PF3D7_0527400

 

Asp121Asn

Non-synonymous

Pf3D7_05_v3:1140988

A

G

0.00

0.90

0.89

PF3D7_0527400

 

Asp121Gly

Non-synonymous

Pf3D7_06_v3:1215233

G

A

0.87

0.00

0.87

PF3D7_0629500

AAT1

Ser258Leu

Non-synonymous

Pf3D7_06_v3:1214259

C

G

0.84

0.00

0.84

PF3D7_0629500

AAT1

 

Intron variant

Pf3D7_06_v3:1214350

G

T

0.86

0.04

0.80

PF3D7_0629500

AAT1

Ile552Ile

Synonymous

Pf3D7_05_v3:1151093

C

A

0.00

0.81

0.81

Intergenic region: PF3D7_0527700 - PF3D7_0527800

  

Intergenic region

Pf3D7_08_v3:546841

T

A

0.78

0.00

0.78

PF3D7_0810700

 

Lys68Asn

Non-synonymous

Pf3D7_05_v3:1133912

T

A

0.00

0.77

0.76

PF3D7_0527200

USP14

Thr281Thr

Synonymous

Pf3D7_08_v3:549993

A

G

0.81

0.04

0.75

PF3D7_0810800

PPPK-DHPS

Lys540Glu

Non-synonymous

Pf3D7_05_v3:1119264

A

G

0.82

0.08

0.70

PF3D7_0526700

 

Tyr130His

Non-synonymous

Pf3D7_14_v3:2183418

A

T

0.05

0.79

0.72

PF3D7_1453200

 

Asn756Tyr

Non-synonymous

Pf3D7_05_v3:1114069

C

T, G

0.07

0.79

0.69

PF3D7_0526600

 

Ile4289Met (> G), Ile4289Ile (> T)

Non-synonymous (> G), Synonymous (> T)

Pf3D7_14_v3:2183653

C

A

0.01

0.73

0.70

PF3D7_1453200

 

Ser834Tyr

Non-synonymous

Pf3D7_14_v3:2183719

G

A

0.05

0.77

0.70

PF3D7_1453200

 

Arg856Gln

Non-synonymous

Pf3D7_06_v3:1206498

G

A

0.71

0.00

0.69

PF3D7_0629300

PL

Glu437Lys

Non-synonymous

Pf3D7_06_v3:1201098

T

C

0.69

0.00

0.69

PF3D7_0629200

DnaJ

 

5’ UTR variant