Fig. 11

Study 3, Deprivation effect of collaboration with ChatGPT on psychological experiences. Participants reported their sense of control, intrinsic motivation, and feelings of boredom on 7-point scales after Task 1 and Task 2, respectively. Those who transitioned from collaboration with ChatGPT to human-solo work showed a marginally significant increase in their sense of control. In contrast, participants who worked solo in both tasks experienced a significant decrease in their sense of control. Additionally, those shifting from collaboration to human-solo work reported significantly decreased intrinsic motivation and increased feelings of boredom, with these changes being significantly different from those who consistently worked solo on both tasks. N = 352. ^* p < .05; ^** p < .01; ^*** p < .001. Error bars indicate ± 1 SEM.