Fig. 13

Study 4, Task 3 performance across Collab-Solo and Solo-Solo conditions. Task 2 performance was evaluated based on text length, analytical content, and positive tone of participants’ outputs, analyzed using the LIWC software. Results showed no significant differences between the two conditions in analytical content or positive tone, but a slight difference in text length, with the Solo-Solo condition producing longer texts. These findings suggest that prior collaboration with ChatGPT does not significantly enhance performance in subsequent solo tasks. N = 773. * p < .05. Error bars indicate ± 1 SEM.