Fig. 14

Study 4, Changes of psychological experiences from Task 1 to Task 2 across four conditions. Participants rated their sense of control, intrinsic motivation, and feelings of boredom on 7-point scales after completing each task. Those who transitioned from collaboration with ChatGPT to solo work (N = 345) reported an increased sense of control, decreased intrinsic motivation, and increased feelings of boredom. Participants who worked solo in both tasks (N = 428) experienced a decrease in sense of control and intrinsic motivation, and an increase in feelings of boredom, similar to those in the Solo-Collab condition (N = 395), who transitioned from solo work to collaboration with ChatGPT, and those in the Collab-Collab condition (N = 456), who collaborated with ChatGPT in both tasks. Comparisons between the Collab-Solo condition and the other three conditions are illustrated in the figure. ^* p < .05, ^** p < .01, ^*** p < .001. Error bars indicate ± 1 SEM.