Fig. 5

Study 1, Deprivation effect of collaboration with ChatGPT on psychological experiences. Participants reported their sense of control, intrinsic motivation, and feelings of boredom on 7-point scales after Task 1 and Task 2, respectively. For participants who shifted from collaboration with ChatGPT to solo work, we observed a significant change in their sense of control (increased), intrinsic motivation (decreased), and feelings of boredom (increased). Such within-person changes were also significantly different from participants who consistently worked on two tasks alone. N = 352. * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001. Error bars indicate ± 1 SEM.