Table 16 Security evaluation of Sec-BIO vs. existing protocols.

From: Secure bio-inspired optimization with intrusion aware on-demand routing in MANETs

Attack type

AODV

E-AODV

Sec-BIO (proposed model)

Blackhole attack

High packet drop

Moderate defense

Trust-based routing & intrusion detection mitigate attack

Greyhole attack

Difficult to detect

Partially addressed

Adaptive trust evaluation & K-means classification

Wormhole attack

No defense

Limited detection

Hop-count analysis & timing-based detection

Sybil attack

No authentication

Basic authentication

Digital signature verification & reputation tracking