Table 4 Key findings with cultural variations.

From: Transcultural Zen design frameworks for enhancing mental health through restorative spaces and user experience

Zen principle

Key impact on UX

East Asia (n = 4)

Simplicity

Stress reduction (83%)

Charred wood textures

Natural harmony

Biophilic engagement (78%)

Indoor koi ponds

Spatial balance

Navigational ease (69%)

Asymmetrical rock gardens

Negative space

Introspection (88%)

Tokonoma alcoves

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