Fig. 6

(A) PCA scatter plot showing some separation between the three groups based on metabolomics profiles. Group 1 (green circles) and Group 2 (blue squares) cluster closely, while Group 3 (red triangles) shows greater variability with outliers. Separation along the first principal component (t1) indicates significant metabolic differences. (B) PCA loading plot illustrating metabolite distribution across two principal components (p1 and p2) from SIMCA analysis.