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Tobacco-derived particulates and the periodontal axis: Distinct cytotoxic and stress-related mechanisms in human gingival fibroblasts
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  • Published: 24 February 2026

Tobacco-derived particulates and the periodontal axis: Distinct cytotoxic and stress-related mechanisms in human gingival fibroblasts

  • K. Kolci1,2,
  • E. Oz1,3,
  • S. Yildirim4,
  • R. Azevedo5,
  • H. S. Gungormek6,
  • A. Almeida5 &
  • …
  • R. Reis1 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell biology
  • Diseases
  • Drug discovery
  • Medical research

Abstract

Tobacco products vary widely in their chemical composition and potential harm, yet their impact on oral tissue remains insufficiently characterized. This study comparatively investigated the cytotoxic, oxidative, and inflammatory responses, along with apoptotic/necrotic cell death, autophagosome formation, and tissue remodeling capacity, in human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) exposed to total particulate matter (TPM) derived from a conventional cigarette (TPM-c) and a heated tobacco product (TPM-h). TPMs were chemically characterized by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for heavy metal content. TPM-c induced notable cytotoxicity, necrosis, and impaired wound healing compared to TPM-h, although both products compromised hGF viability and function. In addition, higher levels of Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn) were detected in TPM-c. Triggered vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) upregulation as a defensive reaction to cellular stress was observed in hGFs via TPM-c, while TPM-h reduced autophagic response via Microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1 B-light chain 3-phosphatidyl ethanolamine conjugate/LC3-II (LC3β) expression. Both TPMs elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) release, notably at intermediate and high doses. In summary, TPM-c demonstrated a greater capacity than TPM-h to induce cytotoxicity, oxidative and inflammatory damage, and disrupted tissue remodeling. Nonetheless, TPM-h was not devoid of toxicity, eliciting pro-inflammatory/ angiogenic responses concentration-dependently. These findings highlight the necessity of further investigation into the long-term effects of emerging tobacco products on periodontal disease progression and development.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would also like to thank undergraduate student Melis Cetin for sampling, the Department of Biomedical Engineering Nanobiotechnology Laboratory at Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University for their technical support in confocal imaging, and the Department of Molecular Biology for their help with hGF isolation.

Funding

This study was funded by the Health Institutes of Türkiye (TÜSEB) under grant number 2023-A4-02-33176.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey

    K. Kolci, E. Oz & R. Reis

  2. Doctoral Program in Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Graduate School, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey

    K. Kolci

  3. Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

    E. Oz

  4. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey

    S. Yildirim

  5. LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    R. Azevedo & A. Almeida

  6. Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey

    H. S. Gungormek

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Contributions

Study design: RR; experiment and data analysis: KK, EÖ, SY, RA, AA, HSG, and RR; manuscript writing: KK, SY, and RR; draft editing: KK, SY, AA, HSG, and RR.

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Correspondence to R. Reis.

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Kolci, K., Oz, E., Yildirim, S. et al. Tobacco-derived particulates and the periodontal axis: Distinct cytotoxic and stress-related mechanisms in human gingival fibroblasts. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-35317-8

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  • Received: 06 October 2025

  • Accepted: 05 January 2026

  • Published: 24 February 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-35317-8

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Keywords

  • Tobacco products
  • Periodontal diseases
  • Total particulate matter
  • Oxidative stress
  • Inflammation
  • Autophagosome formation
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