Table 3 Comparison of clinical-chemistry parameters (liver and kidney function) between kratom users (n = 285) and non-users (n = 296).

From: Hematological and clinical-chemistry parameters of kratom users: a comparative study of users and non-users in Southern Thailand

Parameters

Unadjusted mean (SD)

Adjusted mean (95% CI)

Reference range

Users

Non-users

p-value

Users

Non-users

p-value

Glucose (mg/dL)

95.5 ± 32.4

96.6 ± 23.8

0.640

94.96

(91.41–98.51)

97.11

(93.64–100.58)

0.430

74–106

HbA1c (%)

5.5 ± 0.9

5.6 ± 1.0

0.401

5.57

(5.45–5.68)

5.57

(5.45–5.68)

0.979

3.8–5.6

BUN (mg/dL)

13.2 ± 4.0

13.4 ± 4.5

0.482

13.0

(12.5–13.4)

13.6

(13.1–14.1)

0.101

7–18

Creatinine (mg/dL) (Male)

0.88 ± 0.15

1.01 ± 0.35

 < 0.001

0.89

(0.86–0.91)

0.99

(0.94–1.04)

 < 0.001

0.67–1.17

Creatinine (mg/dL) (Female)

0.69 ± 0.13

0.70 ± 0.15

0.472

0.68

(0.63–0.73)

0.71

(0.68–0.73)

0.382

0.51–0.95

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m)

94.7 ± 15.1

92.3 ± 18.2

0.088

95.42

(93.81–97.04)

91.55

(89.97–93.13

0.002

 ≥ 90

Total protein (g/dL)

8.1 ± 0.5

8.1 ± 0.4

0.117

8.11

(8.06–8.16

8.10

(8.05–8.15)

0.789

6.4–8.2

Albumin (serum) (g/dL)

3.70 ± 0.37

3.77 ± 0.31

0.008

3.71

(3.66–3.75)

3.76

(3.73–3.81)

0.055

3.4–5.0

Globulin (g/dL)

4.37 ± 0.47

4.35 ± 0.40

0.574

4.40

(4.45–4.56)

4.33

(4.27–4.38)

0.80

2.3–3.4

Total bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.53 ± 0.27

0.54 ± 0.25

0.536

0.52

(0.49–0.55)

0.55

(0.52–0.59)

0.136

0.20–1.00

Direct bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.13 ± 0.05

0.13 ± 0.05

0.119

0.13

(0.12–0.13)

0.13

(0.13–0.14)

0.367

0.0–0.2

AST (U/L)

26.87 ± 19.01

25.02 ± 16.16

0.205

25.66

(23.47–27.84)

26.19

(24.05–28.33)

0.749

15–37

ALT (U/L) (Male)

29.80 ± 16.85

33.44 ± 17.83

0.092

30.12

(27.91–32.33)

32.64

(29.07–36.21)

0.245

16–63

ALT (U/L) (Female)

25.40 ± 10.33

26.64 ± 28.31

0.736

25.08

(13.56–36.60)

25.88

(19.87–31.89)

0.909

14–59

Alk. Phosphatase (U/L)

76.72 ± 24.75

72.45 ± 19.50

0.022

75.58

(72.80–78.16)

73.55

(70.84–76.27)

0.342

46–116

  1. Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, current smoking, and current alcohol drinking.
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