Table 4 Comparison of key hematological and clinical-chemistry parameters among kratom users, stratified by duration of use, after adjustment for potential confounders.
Parameters | Duration of kratom use Estimated Marginal Means (EMM) ± Standard Error (SE) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
< 5 years (n = 50) | ≥ 5 years (n = 235) | ||
WBC (103/µL) | 7.75 ± 0.29 | 7.45 ± 0.19 | 0.378 |
RBC (106/ µL) | 4.78 ± 0.08 | 4.80 ± 0.05 | 0.820 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.84 ± 0.21 | 13.84 ± 0.14 | 0.994 |
Hematocrit (%) | 42.89 ± 0.59 | 42.86 ± 0.38 | 0.966 |
MCV (fL) | 90.05 ± 1.13 | 89.76 ± 0.72 | 0.822 |
MCH (pg) | 29.03 ± 0.44 | 28.98 ± 0.28 | 0.922 |
MCHC (g/dL) | 32.17 ± 0.12 | 32.23 ± 0.08 | 0.634 |
RDW (%) | 13.36 ± 0.23 | 13.26 ± 0.14 | 0.689 |
Platelets (103/µL) | 274.57 ± 9.06 | 269.43 ± 5.75 | 0.618 |
Neutrophils (%) | 52.53 ± 1.59 | 51.33 ± 1.01 | 0.508 |
Lymphocytes (%) | 37.03 ± 1.50 | 38.62 ± 0.95 | 0.351 |
Monocytes (%) | 5.83 ± 0.26 | 5.74 ± 0.16 | 0.749 |
Eosinophils (%) | 4.53 ± 0.49 | 4.26 ± 0.31 | 0.617 |
Basophils (%) | 0.78 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.663 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 111.24 ± 4.87 | 87.36 ± 3.09 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.80 ± 0.13 | 5.44 ± 0.09 | 0.017 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 13.11 ± 0.59 | 12.68 ± 0.37 | 0.518 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.75 ± 0.02 | 0.76 ± 0.01 | 0.670 |
GFR (mL/min/1.73 m) | 97.19 ± 1.75 | 96.90 ± 1.11 | 0.883 |
Total protein (g/dL) | 8.16 ± 0.07 | 7.96 ± 0.04 | 0.023 |
Albumin (serum) (g/dL) | 3.82 ± 0.06 | 3.61 ± 0.04 | < 0.001 |
Globulin (g/dL) | 4.34 ± 0.07 | 4.38 ± 0.05 | 0.662 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.56 ± 0.04 | 0.46 ± 0.03 | 0.035 |
Direct bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.016 |
AST (U/L) | 29.88 ± 2.89 | 29.12 ± 1.83 | 0.817 |
ALT (U/L) | 29.11 ± 2.41 | 29.15 ± 1.53 | 0.988 |
Alk. Phosphatase (U/L) | 80.11 ± 3.80 | 73.43 ± 2.41 | 0.123 |
