Table 5 Key hematological and clinical-chemistry parameters among kratom users, stratified by daily quantity of use.

From: Hematological and clinical-chemistry parameters of kratom users: a comparative study of users and non-users in Southern Thailand

Parameters

Daily quantity of use kratom leaves (n = 285)

Estimated Marginal Means (EMM) ± Standard Error (SE)

p-value

Q1 (< = 2 leaves)

(n = 76)

Q2 (3–10 leaves)

(n = 100)

Q3 (11–20 leaves)

(n = 50)

Q4 (> = 20 leaves)

(n = 59)

WBC (103/µL)

7.56 ± 2.45

7.45 ± 2.37

7.64 ± 3.13

7.50 ± 3.05

0.946

RBC (106/ µL)

4.92 ± 0.06

4.73 ± 0.06

4.67 ± 0.08

4.72 ± 0.08

0.074

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

14.13 ± 0.18

13.77 ± 0.17

13.43 ± 0.22

13.64 ± 0.22

0.091

Hematocrit (%)

43.73 ± 0.49

42.64 ± 0.47

41.76 ± 0.62

42.18 ± 0.61

0.071

MCV (fL)

89.40 ± 0.94

90.37 ± 0.91

89.80 ± 1.21

89.90 ± 1.17

0.879

MCH (pg)

28.93 ± 0.36

29.15 ± 0.35

28.87 ± 0.47

29.06 ± 0.45

0.924

MCHC (g/dL)

32.27 ± 0.10

32.19 ± 0.10

32.08 ± 0.13

32.27 ± 0.13

0.566

RDW (%)

13.26 ± 0.19

13.37 ± 0.18

13.22 ± 0.24

13.25 ± 0.24

0.925

Platelets (103/µL)

269.44 ± 7.56

271.92 ± 7.32

272.16 ± 9.67

270.66 ± 9.42

0.994

Neutrophils (%)

52.36 ± 1.32

52.14 ± 1.28

49.96 ± 1.69

50.43 ± 1.65

0.528

Lymphocytes (%)

37.48 ± 1.24

37.59 ± 1.20

39.90 ± 1.59

39.72 ± 1.55

0.379

Monocytes (%)

5.93 ± 0.21

5.69 ± 0.21

5.43 ± 0.27

5.81 ± 0.27

0.482

Eosinophils (%)

4.17 ± 0.40

4.51 ± 0.39

4.65 ± 0.52

4.02 ± 0.50

0.679

Basophils (%)

0.07 ± 0.03

0.08 ± 0.03

0.07 ± 0.04

0.02 ± 0.04

0.623

Glucose (mg/dL)

95.86 ± 4.16

89.44 ± 4.03

99.57 ± 5.33

91.14 ± 5.19

0.264

HbA1c (%)

5.62 ± 0.11

5.53 ± 0.11

5.43 ± 0.14

5.41 ± 0.14

0.622

BUN (mg/dL)

13.53 ± 0.48

12.72 ± 0.46

12.37 ± 0.61

11.34 ± 0.60

0.028

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.78 ± 0.02

0.77 ± 0.02

0.72 ± 0.02

0.70 ± 0.02

0.004

GFR (mL/min/1.73 m)

94.93 ± 1.44

96.75 ± 1.39

100.07 ± 1.84

99.95 ± 1.79

0.059

Total protein (g/dL)

8.08 ± 0.06

7.99 ± 8.06

8.05 ± 0.07

7.98 ± 0.07

0.490

Albumin (serum) (g/dL)

3.77 ± 0.05

3.67 ± 0.04

3.59 ± 0.06

3.59 ± 0.06

0.027

Globulin (g/dL)

4.31 ± 0.06

4.38 ± 0.06

0.46 ± 0.08

4.39 ± 0.07

0.481

Total bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.54 ± 0.03

0.48 ± 0.03

0.42 ± 0.04

0.45 ± 0.04

0.173

Direct bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.13 ± 0.01

0.13 ± 0.01

0.12 ± 0.01

0.14 ± 0.01

0.164

AST (U/L)

28.74 ± 2.40

28.51 ± 2.32

29.64 ± 3.07

32.57 ± 2.99

0.610

ALT (U/L)

28.95 ± 2.01

29.54 ± 1.94

29.52 ± 2.57

28.30 ± 2.50

0.965

Alk. Phosphatase (U/L)

77.03 ± 3.18

73.34 ± 3.08

75.93 ± 4.07

73.54 ± 3.96

0.788

  1. Adjusted by age, sex, BMI, current smoking, and current alcohol drinking.
  2. p-values were calculated using ANCOVA.
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