Table 5 Model performance comparison.

From: AI-enabled smart farming framework for sustainable date palm cultivation in arid regions using machine learning and IoT integration

Model

Accuracy (%)

Precision (%)

Recall (%)

F1-Score (%)

Random Forest (RF)

95.3

94.7

96.1

95.4

Gradient Boosting (GBM)

93.8

93.1

94.0

93.5

Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

92.4

91.6

92.1

91.8

Support Vector Machine (SVM)

89.7

88.3

89.0

88.6