Abstract
Connected Banking System Optimizer (CBSO) is a recently proposed meta-heuristic inspired by inter-bank financial transactions. It models inter-bank transaction behaviors across four sequential stages, collectively balancing exploration and exploitation. When confronted with complex landscapes, however, CBSO exposes three critical weaknesses: limited global-search capacity, an abrupt phase switch that disrupts the exploitation-exploration balance, and a pronounced tendency toward premature stagnation. These shortcomings become more conspicuous as problem complexity rises, undermining the algorithm’s ability to locate the true optimum. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper presents an enhanced variant—ECBSO—which incorporates three complementary mechanisms: dominant group guidance strategy, guided learning strategy, and hybrid elite strategy. The ECBSO algorithm is comprehensively evaluated on the CEC 2017 benchmark suite and on real-world constrained engineering problems, outperforming CBSO, ISGTOA, EMTLBO, LSHADE, APSM-jSO, GLS-MPA, ESLPSO, ACGRIME, RDGMVO in all comparisons. Statistically, ECBSO secures first place across every test case, delivering Friedman ranks of 2.069, 2.138, 2.690, and 2.759, thereby confirming its superior convergence accuracy, search reliability, and optimization precision across diverse landscapes.
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Data availability
The data is provided within the manuscript.
Code availability
The source codes of ECBSO are available at https://ww2.mathworks.cn/matlabcentral/fileexchange/182915-ecbso-an-enhanced-connected-banking-system-optimizer.
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Funding
This work was supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LQN25E080011), Ningbo Natural Science Foundation (2024J440), Major Special Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research by the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China: "All-Round Human Development and Common Prosperity" (2023JZDZ035), the Zhejiang Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Special Project on 'Higher Education Basic Research Funding Reform’ (Grant Number: 25NDJC153YBMS), Major Humanities and Social Sciences Research Projects in Zhejiang Higher Education Institutions (Grant Number: 2024QN018), the Special Research Project for Outstanding Young Talents in Humanities and Social Sciences (Grant Number: 06) and the Nanhu Outstanding Young Scholar Program (Grant Number: 01).
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Dake Qian: conceptualization, methodology, writing, data testing, reviewing, software, supervision, formal analysis. Xinyu Cai: methodology, writing, data testing, reviewing, software. Leidong Feng: conceptualization, methodology, writing, re-viewing. Yun Ye: conceptualization, visualization, reviewing, formal analysis, supervision, project administration.
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Qian, D., Cai, X., Feng, L. et al. An enhanced connected banking system optimizer incorporating triple mechanism for solving global optimization problems. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-36149-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-36149-2
