Table 5 Quantitative performance indicators of models using aggregated data.

From: Compressive strength prediction of carbonated recycled aggregate concrete using regression based machine learning models

Final test results (Aggregated composite data)

Model

Training

Testing

MAE

RMSE

R2

95th percentile error

99th percentile error

Max_error

MAE

RMSE

R2

95th percentile error

99th percentile error

Max_error

Decision tree

0.7276

0.9032

0.9975

1.7733

2.1496

2.3283

1.1732

1.5914

0.9913

3.4575

3.7499

3.8150

LightGBM

0.7247

0.9041

0.9975

1.8207

2.1463

2.2699

1.1683

1.5941

0.9913

3.4623

3.7551

3.8202

Random forest

0.7349

0.9115

0.9975

1.7680

2.0993

2.3577

1.2493

1.6363

0.9908

3.5792

3.8788

3.9439

Polynomial MLR (deg = 2)

1.0225

1.2883

0.9949

2.3979

2.9620

3.6508

1.8854

2.2251

0.9830

3.4555

3.4822

3.4879

Ridge

3.3034

3.9182

0.9531

7.1056

7.8891

8.6654

2.5568

3.0824

0.9675

5.0352

5.7710

5.9561

MLR

3.3152

3.9067

0.9534

6.8441

7.5090

8.5545

2.6536

3.1926

0.9651

5.1591

6.0281

6.2501