Table 27 Error analysis by failure type.

From: Enhanced paddy leaf disease detection using novel dual metaheuristic loss functions in generative adversarial networks with identity block preservation for thermal image augmentation

Failure type

Frequency (%)

Primary cause

Mitigation strategy

Success rate (%)

Thermal noise

2.3

Sensor artifacts

Chaoborus denoising

89.2

Boundary confusion

1.8

Similar thermal patterns

Crayfish territorial

92.7

Environmental interference

3.1

Extreme conditions

Adaptive weights

85.4

Rare disease variants

1.4

Insufficient training data

Transfer learning

78.3

Equipment calibration

0.9

Camera miscalibration

Thermal normalization

94.1

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