Fig. 3

Neural entrainment across tACS intensities at the network level. (A) Box plots of the pairwise cross-correlation coefficients of LFPs in alpha (left) and theta (right) frequency bands over a 2.5-s period under three simulation conditions: 0 mA (red), 1 mA (yellow), and 2 mA tACS (blue). Gray shading indicates the duration of active tACS. Statistical significance between tACS conditions was assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with significance levels denoted as * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.005. (B) Time evolution of averaged phase cohesion difference between LFPs and the tACS waveform in the alpha (left) and theta (right) frequency bands during active tACS simulation. The plotted values represent the difference in phase cohesion between 0 mA and the stimulated conditions (1 mA, orange; 2 mA, blue) across time windows. A positive difference indicates stronger phase alignment to the tACS waveform compared to the 0 mA baseline condition.