Fig. 4

Heatmaps visualization of the correlations between PV loop parameters and standard markers of LV function. Panel A: CMR-derived correlations; Panel B: TTE-derived correlations. Each cell shows the correlation coefficient ranging from − 1 (very strong negative correlation, blue) to + 1 (very strong positive correlation, red). The color gradient reflects the magnitude and direction of the correlation. Asterisks (*) indicate statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05). Parameters assessed include end-systolic elastance (Ees), arterial elastance (Ea), ventricular–arterial coupling (VAC), stroke work (SW), pressure–volume area (PVA), and work efficiency (WE) correlated against left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF).