Table 3 Multiple logistic regression analysis to explore possible risk factors, primarily standing duration per day, for the presence of at least one pathological reflux (0 = no; 1 = yes), N = 193.

	Model 1				Model 2 (forward-backward-approach)				Model 3				Model 4
	OR	p	lCI	uCI	OR	p	lCI	uCI	OR	p	lCI	uCI	OR	p	lCI	uCI
Intercept	0.750	0.400	0.377	1.458	0.104	0.003	0.022	0.445	0.112	0.011	0.020	0.583	0.468	0.664	0.015	14.539
Standing duration per day (ref = ≤ 2 h) >2 h ≤4 h >4 h	0.749	0.400	0.377	1.458					0.686	0.374	0.298	1.588	0.853	0.753	0.317	2.323
Standing duration per day (ref = ≤ 2 h) >2 h ≤4 h >4 h	0.806	0.610	0.352	1.859					0.704	0.443	0.285	1.736	0.861	0.767	0.317	2.338
Age (years)					1.031	0.079	0.997	1.067	1.033	0.071	0.998	1.070	1.038	0.054	1.000	1.079
Mean period duration [s]													1.001	0.699	0.996	1.006
Gender (ref = women)
Men													0.889	0.731	0.450	1.739
BMI (in kg/m2)													0.962	0.348	0.886	1.042
Education (ref = primary)
Secondary													0.864	0.721	0.388	1.943
Tertiary													1.273	0.694	0.379	4.279
Work ability item 1													0.902	0.358	0.721	1.122
Family history: varicose veins in parents (ref = no)
One parent									1.156	0.652	0.616	2.185	1.221	0.547	0.640	2.354
Both									2.839	0.119	0.772	11.187	3.194	0.096	0.825	13.222
Smoking habit (ref = non-smoker)
Current					2.453	0.019	1.163	5.238	2.427	0.025	1.123	5.321	2.584	0.017	1.198	5.706
Ex-smoker					2.541	0.010	1.253	5.251	2.531	0.012	1.235	5.286	2.712	0.017	1.208	6.229
AIC	261.4884				252.7402				257.6189				266.4116
AUC	0.53				0.64				0.66				0.67
R²	< 0.01				0.08				0.09				0.12

lCI = lower CI; uCI = upper CI; ref = reference category; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; AUC = Area under the Curve; R² calculated using the pseudo R² by Nagelkerke (1 = best fit); statistically significant results are indicated in bold (p < 0.05).

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