Table 4 Multiple logistic regression analysis to explore possible risk factors, primarily long-term cumulative standing duration, for varicose veins (0 = no; 1 = yes), N = 195.

	Model 1				Model 2 (forward-backward-approach)				Model 3				Model 4
	OR	p	lCI	uCI	OR	p	lCI	uCI	OR	p	lCI	uCI	OR	p	lCI	uCI
Intercept	0.193	0.000	0.104	0.344	0.004	0.000	0.000	0.033	0.004	0.000	0.000	0.031	0.004	0.000	0.000	0.031
Long-term cumulative occupational standing time [100 h]	1.004	0.080	0.999	1.008					0.999	0.645	0.994	1.004	0.999	0.645	0.994	1.004
Age (years)					1.104	0.000	1.055	1.161	1.110	0.000	1.055	1.174	1.110	0.000	1.055	1.174
Mean period duration [s]													1.003	0.354	0.997	1.008
Gender (ref = women)
Men													0.879	0.760	0.376	2.007
BMI (in kg/m²)													1.051	0.333	0.950	1.163
Education (ref = primary)
Secondary													1.241	0.686	0.443	3.660
Tertiary													0.943	0.939	0.197	4.116
Work ability item 1													1.055	0.729	0.784	1.452
Family history: varicose veins in parents (ref = no)
One parent													1.355	0.478	0.589	3.194
Both													4.125	0.099	0.734	22.487
Smoking habit (ref = non-smoker)
Current													1.336	0.563	0.497	3.589
Ex-smoker													1.097	0.862	0.377	3.130
AIC	172.6636				155.8901				157.6756				181.9757
AUC	0.54				0.74				0.74				0.75
R²	0.03				0.18				0.18				0.14

lCI = lower CI; uCI = upper CI; ref = reference category; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; AUC = Area under the Curve; R² calculated using the pseudo R² by Nagelkerke (1 = best fit). For a better visualization, the long-term cumulative occupational standing time was given in 100 h. Statistically significant results are indicated in bold (p < 0.05).

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