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Investigation of hydrogen influence on compression ignition engine fuelled with pyrolysis blends using experimental and RSM methods
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  • Published: 24 February 2026

Investigation of hydrogen influence on compression ignition engine fuelled with pyrolysis blends using experimental and RSM methods

  • K. Sunil Kumar1,
  • Raviteja Surakasi2,
  • Md Kareemullah3,4,
  • Sarfaraz Kamangar5,
  • Amir Ibrahim Ali Arabi5 &
  • …
  • Addisu Frinjo Emma6 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Energy science and technology
  • Mechanical engineering

Abstract

This study experimentally investigates the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder diesel engine operated in dual-fuel mode using pyrolysis oil and gaseous hydrogen. Four fuel combinations were examined: neat diesel (100D), diesel–hydrogen (50D50H), diesel–pyrolysis oil (90D10P), and diesel–pyrolysis oil with hydrogen enrichment (90D10P + 50 LPH). The engine was operated at a constant speed of 1,500 rpm under varying load conditions (0–100%), and the results were analysed using response surface methodology (RSM). The 50D50H blend achieved the highest brake thermal efficiency, showing a 21.4% improvement over neat diesel, along with a minimum brake-specific fuel consumption of 0.22 kg/kWh. The maximum in-cylinder pressure (69 bar) and peak heat release rate (75 J/CA) were observed for the 90D10P + 50 LPH blend. Emission analysis indicated that this blend produced the lowest carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxide emissions among all tested fuels, while the lowest NOx emission of 350 ppm was recorded for the 50D50H blend. Statistical validation using analysis of variance (ANOVA) yielded regression coefficients (R2) between 0.8 and 1, demonstrating strong agreement between experimental results and model predictions. The findings confirm that the combined application of pyrolysis oil and hydrogen in dual-fuel operation significantly enhances engine efficiency while effectively reducing exhaust emissions.

Data availability

The data that supports the findings of this study are available within the article.

Abbreviations

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

B10:

10% Biodiesel + 90% diesel

B15:

15% Biodiesel + 85% diesel

BSFC:

Brake specific fuel consumption

EGR:

Exhaust gas recirculation.

BDC:

Bottom dead centre

TDC:

Top dead centre

HC:

Hydrocarbons

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CI:

Compression ignition

CA:

Crank angle

CRDI:

Common rail direct injection

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

DI:

Direct ignition

NOX :

Nitrogen oxides

HRR:

Heat release rate

HHO:

Hydroxy gas

H2 :

Hydrogen gas

LPH:

Litres per hour

LPM:

Litres per minute

LDPE:

Low-density polyethylene

HDPE:

High-density polyethylene

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

PVC:

Polyvinyl chloride

RSM:

Response surface methodology

100D:

100% Diesel

50D50H:

50% Diesel + 50% hydrogen gas

90D10P:

90% Diesel + 10% pyrolysis oil

2D:

2 Dimensional

3D:

3 Dimensional

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Research Project under grant number RGP.2/246/46.

Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Research Project under grant number RGP.2/246/46.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India

    K. Sunil Kumar

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jonnada, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, 535005, India

    Raviteja Surakasi

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India

    Md Kareemullah

  4. Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140417, India

    Md Kareemullah

  5. Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Sarfaraz Kamangar & Amir Ibrahim Ali Arabi

  6. College of Engineering and Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Dilla University, Gedeo Zone, South Ethiopia Regional State, Po. Box 419, Dilla, Ethiopia

    Addisu Frinjo Emma

Authors
  1. K. Sunil Kumar
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  2. Raviteja Surakasi
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  3. Md Kareemullah
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  4. Sarfaraz Kamangar
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Contributions

Conceptualization, K.S.K; Writing—Review and Editing, K.S.K, R.S; Formal analysis, M.K, S.K; Investigation, A.I.A.A, A.F.E.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to K. Sunil Kumar or Addisu Frinjo Emma.

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Kumar, K.S., Surakasi, R., Kareemullah, M. et al. Investigation of hydrogen influence on compression ignition engine fuelled with pyrolysis blends using experimental and RSM methods. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39172-5

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  • Received: 04 May 2025

  • Accepted: 03 February 2026

  • Published: 24 February 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39172-5

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Keywords

  • Hydrogen gas
  • Pyrolysis oil
  • Dual engine
  • Response surface methodology
  • Green energy
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