Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

Advertisement

Scientific Reports
  • View all journals
  • Search
  • My Account Login
  • Content Explore content
  • About the journal
  • Publish with us
  • Sign up for alerts
  • RSS feed
  1. nature
  2. scientific reports
  3. articles
  4. article
Energy transition, digitalization, financial development, and human capital shape pathways to carbon neutrality in South Asia
Download PDF
Download PDF
  • Article
  • Open access
  • Published: 17 February 2026

Energy transition, digitalization, financial development, and human capital shape pathways to carbon neutrality in South Asia

  • Rongwu Zhang1,
  • Umme Habiba  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6608-84691,
  • Muhammad Amad Sarwar2,
  • Sarah A. Alzakari3 &
  • …
  • Amel Ali Alhussan3 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

  • 557 Accesses

  • 1 Altmetric

  • Metrics details

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Abstract

This study examines the key determinants of carbon emissions (COE) in South Asia, focusing on energy transition (ENT), digitalization (DIG), financial development (FDT), and human capital (HCT). Using panel data from 2000 to 2023 and the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model, it offers novel insights into both direct and moderating effects. A major finding is that FDT negatively moderates the effects of ENT and DIG on COE, implying that financial development plays a crucial role in enhancing the environmental benefits of clean energy and digital technologies. ENT, DIG, and HCT are found to reduce COE significantly in both the short and long term, while FDT contributes to higher emissions. These results have important implications for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7, 9, and 13 and advancing COP28-aligned carbon neutrality. The study underscores the importance of green finance, digital and renewable energy expansion, and human capital development as key drivers for emissions reduction and sustainable growth in South Asia.

Similar content being viewed by others

Sustainable pathways for attaining net zero emissions in selected South Asian countries: role of green energy market and pricing

Article Open access 11 January 2024

An environmental perspective of energy consumption, overpopulation, and human capital barriers in South Asia

Article Open access 23 February 2024

The impact of digital economic growth and financial expansion on CO2 mitigation strategies in leading emitting countries

Article Open access 27 March 2025

Data availability

The datasets used for analysis are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Zhan, Z. et al. A step towards environmental mitigation: Do tourism, renewable energy and institutions really matter? A QARDL approach. Sci. Total Environ. 778, 146209 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Adebayo, T. S. et al. Endorsing sustainable development in BRICS: The role of technological innovation, renewable energy consumption, and natural resources in limiting carbon emission. Sci. Total Environ. 859, 160181 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Xuan, V. N. Determinants of environmental pollution in China: Novel findings from ARDL method. Environ. Health Insights 18, 11786302241307102 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Shahbaz, M., Wang, J., Dong, K. & Zhao, J. The impact of digital economy on energy transition across the globe: The mediating role of government governance. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 166, 112620 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Habiba, U., Xinbang, C. & Ali, S. Investigating the impact of financial development on carbon emissions: Does the use of renewable energy and green technology really contribute to achieving low-carbon economies?. Gondwana Res. 121, 472–485 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Simionescu, M., Radulescu, M. & Belascu, L. The impact of renewable energy consumption and energy poverty on pollution in Central and Eastern European countries. Renew. Energy https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121397 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Xuan, V. N. Determinants of carbon dioxide emissions in technology revolution 6.0: New insights from Brunei. Energy Strategy Rev. 57, 101633 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Tzeremes, P., Dogan, E. & Alavijeh, N. K. Analyzing the nexus between energy transition, environment and ICT: A step towards COP26 targets. J. Environ. Manag. 326, 116598 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ahmed, Z. & Le, H. P. Linking information communication technology, trade globalization index, and CO2 emissions: Evidence from advanced panel techniques. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28(7), 8770–8781 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Acheampong, A. O. Modelling for insight: Does financial development improve environmental quality?. Energy Econ. 83, 156–179 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Habiba, U. M. M. E., Xinbang, C. & Anwar, A. Do green technology innovations, financial development, and renewable energy use help to curb carbon emissions?. Renew. Energy 193, 1082–1093 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kihombo, S., Ahmed, Z., Chen, S., Adebayo, T. S. & Kirikkaleli, D. Linking financial development, economic growth, and ecological footprint: What is the role of technological innovation?. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28(43), 61235–61245 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ahmed, Z. & Wang, Z. Investigating the impact of human capital on the ecological footprint in India: An empirical analysis. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26, 26782–26796 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hatemi-J, A. & Shamsuddin, M. The causal interaction between financial development and human development in Bangladesh. Appl. Econ. Lett. 23(14), 995–998 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ponce, P. et al. Green returns of labor income and human capital: Empirical evidence of the environmental behavior of households in developing countries. Ecol. Econ. 160, 105–113 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  16. World Bank. Integrating Climate and Development in South Asia (World Bank, 2022).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Amin, A., Yusoff, N. Y. B. M., Peng, S., Işık, C., Ullah, A., & Akbar, M. (2024). The influence of energy transition, and natural resources on carbon emissions in China: an augmented ARDL application. Environ. Dev. Sustain.1–19.

  18. Xuan, V. N. Determinants of environmental pollution: Evidence from Indonesia. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 10(4), 100386 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Shobande, O. A., Ogbeifun, L. & Tiwari, A. K. Extricating the impacts of emissions trading system and energy transition on carbon intensity. Appl. Energy 357, 122461 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Koengkan, M. & Fuinhas, J. A. Exploring the effect of the renewable energy transition on CO2 emissions of Latin American & Caribbean countries. Int. J. Sustain. Energy 39(6), 515–538 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bouyghrissi, S. et al. The importance of facilitating renewable energy transition for abating CO2 emissions in Morocco. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29(14), 20752–20767 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Özkan, O., Ahmed, S. & Destek, M. A. Unearthing the importance of energy transition, political globalization, and natural resources on environmental degradation for Turkey: The role of economic growth and urbanization. Sustain. Futures 8, 100320 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lau, C. K., Gozgor, G., Mahalik, M. K., Patel, G. & Li, J. Introducing a new measure of energy transition: Green quality of energy mix and its impact on CO2 emissions. Energ. Econ. 122, 106702 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Saqib, N. et al. Leveraging environmental ICT for carbon neutrality: Analyzing the impact of financial development, renewable energy and human capital in top polluting economies. Gondwana Res. 126, 305–320 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Işık, C. et al. Renewable energy, climate policy uncertainty, industrial production, domestic exports/re-exports, and CO2 emissions in the USA: A SVAR approach. Gondwana Res. 127, 156–164 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Asian Development Bank. Sri Lanka: Energy Sector Reforms and Renewable Energy for Post-crisis Recovery (Asian Development Bank, 2023).

  27. International Energy Agency. Sri Lanka Energy Policy Review 2024 (International Energy Agency , 2024).

  28. Ma, R., Zhang, Z. J. & Lin, B. Evaluating the synergistic effect of digitalization and industrialization on total factor carbon emission performance. J. Environ. Manag. 348, 119281 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Zuo, S. et al. Assessing the influence of the digital economy on carbon emissions: Evidence at the global level. Sci. Total Environ. 946, 174242 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ahmed, Z., Nathaniel, S. P. & Shahbaz, M. The criticality of information and communication technology and human capital in environmental sustainability: Evidence from Latin American and Caribbean countries. J. Clean. Prod. 286, 125529 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Dong, F. et al. How does digital economy affect carbon emissions? Evidence from global 60 countries. Sci. Total Environ. 852, 158401 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Usman, A., Ozturk, I., Ullah, S. & Hassan, A. Does ICT have symmetric or asymmetric effects on CO2 emissions? Evidence from selected Asian economies. Technol. Soc. 67, 101692 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Deng, L. & Zhong, Z. The impact of digital infrastructure on carbon emissions: Evidence from 284 cities in China. Econ. Change Restruct. 57(5), 159 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kwilinski, A., Lyulyov, O. & Pimonenko, T. Environmental sustainability within attaining sustainable development goals: The role of digitalization and the transport sector. Sustainability 15(14), 11282 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Khan, A., Khan, T. & Ahmad, M. The role of technological innovation in sustainable growth: Exploring the economic impact of green innovation and renewable energy. Environ. Chall. 18, 101109 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ahmad, M., Balbaa, M. E., Zikriyoev, A., Nasriddinov, F. & Kuldasheva, Z. Energy efficiency, technological innovation, and financial development-based EKC premise: Fresh asymmetric insights from developing Asian regions. Environ. Chall. 15, 100947 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Economic Times EnergyWorld. India Developing Digital Public Infrastructure for Climate Finance: A Historic Clean Growth Initiative (2023).

  38. World Economic Forum. How Digital Public Infrastructure Can Help Meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals (2023).

  39. United Nations Development Programme. Digital Public Infrastructure for Climate Action (UNDP Digital Guides, 2025).

  40. Han, J. et al. Climate policy uncertainty and green total factor energy efficiency: Does the green finance matter?. Int. Rev. Financ. Anal. 104, 104293 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Horvey, S. S., Odei-Mensah, J., Moloi, T. & Bokpin, G. A. Digital economy, financial development and energy transition in Africa: Exploring for synergies and nonlinearities. Appl. Energy 376, 124297 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Acheampong, A. O., Amponsah, M. & Boateng, E. Does financial development mitigate carbon emissions? Evidence from heterogeneous financial economies. Energy Econ. 88, 104768 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Anwar, A., Sinha, A., Sharif, A., Siddique, M., Irshad, S., Anwar, W., & Malik, S. The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy consumption, financial development, and CO2 emissions: Evidence from selected Asian countries. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 1–21 (2022).

  44. Ahmad, M., Ali, S. & Khan, U. U. Empowering Asia’s sustainable future: Unraveling renewable energy dynamics with trade, carbon emission, governance, and innovative interactions. Renew. Energy 229, 120716 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Hussain, S., Rehman, A. U., Ullah, S. & Gul, R. Fintech, bigtech credit and CO2 emission: Implications for environmental sustainability. Sustainable Futures 10, 101240 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Hussain, S., Akbar, M., Gul, R., Shahzad, S. J. H. & Naifar, N. Relationship between financial inclusion and carbon emissions: International evidence. Heliyon https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16472 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Gul, R. & Hussain, S. Unlocking sustainable futures: Exploring the non-linear linkages between green finance and environmental sustainability in developing countries. J. Environ. Manag. 370, 122971 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hussain, S., Gul, R. & Ullah, S. Role of financial inclusion and ICT for sustainable economic development in developing countries. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 194, 122725 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hao, L. N., Umar, M., Khan, Z. & Ali, W. Green growth and low carbon emission in G7 countries: How critical the network of environmental taxes, renewable energy and human capital is?. Sci. Total Environ. 752, 141853 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Adikari, A. P., Liu, H., Dissanayake, D. M. S. L. B. & Ranagalage, M. Human capital and carbon emissions: The way forward reducing environmental degradation. Sustainability 15(4), 2926 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ahmad, M., Ahmed, Z., Yang, X., Hussain, N. & Sinha, A. Financial development and environmental degradation: Do human capital and institutional quality make a difference?. Gondwana Res. 105, 299–310 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Yao, Y., Ivanovski, K., Inekwe, J. & Smyth, R. Human capital and CO2 emissions in the long run. Energ. Econ. 91, 104907 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Sarkodie, S. A., Adams, S., Owusu, P. A., Leirvik, T. & Ozturk, I. Mitigating degradation and emissions in China: The role of environmental sustainability, human capital and renewable energy. Sci. Total Environ. 719, 137530 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Zia, S. et al. Striving towards environmental sustainability: How natural resources, human capital, financial development, and economic growth interact with ecological footprint in China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28(37), 52499–52513 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Murshed, M. Can regional trade integration facilitate renewable energy transition to ensure energy sustainability in South Asia?. Energy Rep. 7, 808–821 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Mahalik, M. K., Patel, G., Sahoo, B. K. & Rahman, M. M. Impact of income inequality on renewable energy demand in south Asian economies. Energy Policy 180, 113628 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Chaudhuri, C., Pratap, D. & Pohit, S. Estimation of SAM for India: an application for India’s energy transition targets. Margin J. Appl. Econ. Res. 18(1–2), 74–133 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Sahoo, B. & Debnath, B. K. A novel hybrid spherical fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach to select the best hydroelectric power plant source in India. Renew. Energy Focus 51, 100650 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gardezi, M. A., Zafar, B., Zaib, A. & Rasheed, A. Analyzing the interplay of financial inclusion, income inequality, and carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from Pakistan. iRASD J. Econ. 6(1), 215–228 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Faheem, M., Farooq, F., Nousheen, A. & Waheed, A. Green growth and financial development: A path to environmental sustainability in Pakistan. J. Account. Financ. Emerg. Econ. 10(1), 13–22 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Ngoc Xuan, V. Economic growth, FDI, and energy transition in India’s revolution 6.0. SAGE Open 15(4), 21582440251390652 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Jahanger, A., Hossain, M. R., Usman, M. & Onwe, J. C. Recent scenario and nexus between natural resource dependence, energy use and pollution cycles in BRICS region: Does the mediating role of human capital exist?. Resour. Policy 81, 103382 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Grossman, G. M. & Krueger, A. B. Economic growth and the environment. Q. J. Econ. 110(2), 353–377 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Hasanov, F. J., Khan, Z., Hussain, M. & Tufail, M. Theoretical framework for the carbon emissions effects of technological progress and renewable energy consumption. Sustain. Dev. 29(5), 810–822 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Oprea, S. V., Georgescu, I. A. & Bâra, A. Charting the BRIC countries’ connection of political stability, economic growth, demographics, renewables and CO2 emissions. Econ. Change Restruct. 57(5), 161 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Lange, S., Pohl, J. & Santarius, T. Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand?. Ecol. Econ. 176, 106760 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Zheng, R. et al. How does digitalization drive carbon emissions? The inverted U-shaped effect in China. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 102, 107203 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Işık, C., Yan, J. & Ongan, S. Energy intensity, supply chain digitization, technological progress bias in China’s industrial sectors. Energy Econ. 145, 108442 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Işık, C., Ongan, S., Ozdemir, D., Yan, J. & Demir, O. The sustainable development goals: Theory and a holistic evidence from the USA. Gondwana Res. 132, 259–274 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Balsalobre-Lorente, D. & Sharif, A. ECON-ESG factors on energy efficiency: Fostering sustainable development in ECON-growth-paradox countries.. Gondwana Res. 135, 103–115 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Lee, C. C. & Wang, F. How does digital inclusive finance affect carbon intensity?. Econ. Anal. Policy 75, 174–190 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Ren, X., Zhao, M., Yuan, R. & Li, N. Influence mechanism of financial development on carbon emissions from multiple perspectives. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 39, 357–372 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Zahid, Z. et al. Integrating FinTech solutions in agribusiness: A pathway to a sustainable economy in Bangladesh.

  74. Habiba, U., Zhang, R. W. & Sarwar, M. A. Assessing the impact of green finance and the digital economy on energy transition: A multiquantile analysis of e7 countries’ progress towards Sdgs 7, 9, 13 and COP28. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 23(5), 8941–8968 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  75. Cheikh, N. B. & Zaied, Y. B. Understanding the drivers of the renewable energy transition. Econ. Anal. Policy 82, 604–612 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Pesaran, M. H. General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Camb. Work. Pap. Econ. 1240(1), 1 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Pesaran, M. H. & Yamagata, T. Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. J. Econom. 142(1), 50–93 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  78. Pesaran, M. H. A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. J. Appl. Econom. 22(2), 265–312 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Chudik, A., Mohaddes, K., Pesaran, M. H., & Raissi, M. Long-run effects in large heterogeneous panel data models with cross-sectionally correlated errors. in Essays in Honor of man Ullah 85–135 (Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2016).

  80. Eberhardt, M., & Teal, F. Productivity Analysis in Global Manufacturing Production (2010).

  81. Bond, S. & Eberhardt, M. Accounting for unobserved heterogeneity in panel time series models. Univ. Oxford 1(11), 1–12 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  82. Pesaran, M. H. Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica 74(4), 967–1012 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  83. Machado, J. A. & Silva, J. S. Quantiles via moments. J. Econom. 213(1), 145–173 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  84. Dumitrescu, E. I. & Hurlin, C. Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Econ. Model. 29(4), 1450–1460 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  85. Zhao, X., Ma, X., Chen, B., Shang, Y. & Song, M. Challenges toward carbon neutrality in China: Strategies and countermeasures. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 176, 105959 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2026R716), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Guangdong Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project (Grant Number: GD25CSG15).

Funding

Guangdong Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project (Grant Number: GD25CSG15). Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2026R716), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Management, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China

    Rongwu Zhang & Umme Habiba

  2. School of Mathematics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China

    Muhammad Amad Sarwar

  3. Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Sarah A. Alzakari & Amel Ali Alhussan

Authors
  1. Rongwu Zhang
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Umme Habiba
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muhammad Amad Sarwar
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sarah A. Alzakari
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Amel Ali Alhussan
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed equally.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Umme Habiba or Muhammad Amad Sarwar.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Information.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, R., Habiba, U., Sarwar, M.A. et al. Energy transition, digitalization, financial development, and human capital shape pathways to carbon neutrality in South Asia. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39792-x

Download citation

  • Received: 04 August 2025

  • Accepted: 09 February 2026

  • Published: 17 February 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39792-x

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Keywords

  • Financial development
  • Energy transition
  • Digitalization
  • Carbon emissions
  • Sustainable development goals
  • South Asia
Download PDF

Advertisement

Explore content

  • Research articles
  • News & Comment
  • Collections
  • Subjects
  • Follow us on Facebook
  • Follow us on X
  • Sign up for alerts
  • RSS feed

About the journal

  • About Scientific Reports
  • Contact
  • Journal policies
  • Guide to referees
  • Calls for Papers
  • Editor's Choice
  • Journal highlights
  • Open Access Fees and Funding

Publish with us

  • For authors
  • Language editing services
  • Open access funding
  • Submit manuscript

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

  • Explore articles by subject
  • Find a job
  • Guide to authors
  • Editorial policies

Scientific Reports (Sci Rep)

ISSN 2045-2322 (online)

nature.com sitemap

About Nature Portfolio

  • About us
  • Press releases
  • Press office
  • Contact us

Discover content

  • Journals A-Z
  • Articles by subject
  • protocols.io
  • Nature Index

Publishing policies

  • Nature portfolio policies
  • Open access

Author & Researcher services

  • Reprints & permissions
  • Research data
  • Language editing
  • Scientific editing
  • Nature Masterclasses
  • Research Solutions

Libraries & institutions

  • Librarian service & tools
  • Librarian portal
  • Open research
  • Recommend to library

Advertising & partnerships

  • Advertising
  • Partnerships & Services
  • Media kits
  • Branded content

Professional development

  • Nature Awards
  • Nature Careers
  • Nature Conferences

Regional websites

  • Nature Africa
  • Nature China
  • Nature India
  • Nature Japan
  • Nature Middle East
  • Privacy Policy
  • Use of cookies
  • Legal notice
  • Accessibility statement
  • Terms & Conditions
  • Your US state privacy rights
Springer Nature

© 2026 Springer Nature Limited

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing