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Environmental co-exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides and mental health status in rural communities near an industrial pig farming facility
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  • Published: 18 February 2026

Environmental co-exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides and mental health status in rural communities near an industrial pig farming facility

  • Rocío Hojas1,
  • José Norambuena1,
  • América Ponce1,
  • Joaquín Toro1,
  • Jandy Adonis-Rojas2,
  • Sebastián Pozo3,
  • Bárbara Figueroa4,5,
  • Francisca Cabezas6,
  • Cristian Valdés4,5,
  • Liliana Zúñiga-Venegas5,16,
  • Benjamín Castillo5,
  • Natalia Landeros7,
  • Boris Lucero8,
  • Ramón D. Castillo9,
  • Cynthia Carrasco8,
  • Juan Pablo Gutiérrez-Jara5,
  • Catalina Saavedra9,
  • Patricio Yáñez9,17,
  • María Ignacia Valdés8,
  • María Victoria Rodríguez8,10,
  • Andrés Canales-Johnson8,11,
  • Tristan Bekinschtein11 &
  • …
  • María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada12,13,14,15 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Environmental sciences
  • Risk factors

Abstract

Chronic exposure to pesticide residues from large-scale agro-livestock operations remains insufficiently characterized, particularly among rural populations living near industrial pig farming facilities. This study examined the association between co-exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticide residues in soil and well water and mental health outcomes among adults residing near an industrial pig farming facility in rural Chile. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 82 adults. Peridomestic soil and well water samples were analyzed using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to detect five pesticides: chlorpyrifos, diazinon, pirimiphos-methyl, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin. Mental health outcomes included depressive symptoms, anxiety, emotional affect, and health-related quality of life, assessed with validated instruments. Robust linear regression models were used, adjusting for age, sex, education level, and body mass index. Higher chlorpyrifos concentrations in water were associated with increased depressive symptom scores (β = 0.180; 95% CI: 0.016, 0.345) and lower mental health-related quality of life (β = −0.713; 95% CI: −1.288, − 0.137). Cypermethrin concentrations in water were associated with higher psychological distress (β = 0.324; 95% CI: 0.124, 0.525). In soil, pirimiphos-methyl was positively associated with depressive symptoms (β = 21.29; 95% CI: 1.78, 40.79), whereas cypermethrin showed an inverse association (β = −3.66; 95% CI: −6.99, − 0.33). Lambda-cyhalothrin concentrations in soil were inversely associated with overall quality of life (β = −15.13; 95% CI: −27.42, − 2.84). Male sex was positively associated with overall quality of life (β = 14.96; 95% CI: 3.14, 26.79). These findings indicate associations between environmental pesticide residues in soil and water and multiple dimensions of mental health among rural populations living near industrial pig farming operations. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify temporal relationships and potential cumulative effects.

Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to ethical and confidentiality restrictions. Data may be made available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author, María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada.

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Acknowledgements

The researchers gratefully acknowledge the support and collaboration of the organization Maule Sur por la Vida and the Regional Office of the National Institute for Human Rights (Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos, Región del Maule).

Funding

This research is part of a larger project funded by the Chilean National Institute of Human Rights (INDH), the National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FONDECYT Regular No. 1240899, FONDECYT Regular No. 1251273) of Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) of the Chilean government, and Programa de Investigación Asociativa (PIA) en Ciencias Cognitivas del Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas (CICC), Universidad de Talca (UTALCA). .

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile

    Rocío Hojas, José Norambuena, América Ponce & Joaquín Toro

  2. Master in Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 939, Santiago, Chile

    Jandy Adonis-Rojas

  3. Medical Specialty in Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile

    Sebastián Pozo

  4. School of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile

    Bárbara Figueroa & Cristian Valdés

  5. Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM) , Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile

    Bárbara Figueroa, Cristian Valdés, Liliana Zúñiga-Venegas, Benjamín Castillo & Juan Pablo Gutiérrez-Jara

  6. Department of Agricultural Production, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile

    Francisca Cabezas

  7. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile

    Natalia Landeros

  8. Research Center in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences (CINPSI Neurocog), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile

    Boris Lucero, Cynthia Carrasco, María Ignacia Valdés, María Victoria Rodríguez & Andrés Canales-Johnson

  9. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile

    Ramón D. Castillo, Catalina Saavedra & Patricio Yáñez

  10. Doctorate in Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile

    María Victoria Rodríguez

  11. Consciousness and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK

    Andrés Canales-Johnson & Tristan Bekinschtein

  12. School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 939, Santiago, Chile

    María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada

  13. Centro para la Prevención y el Control del Cáncer (CECAN), Santiago, Chile

    María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada

  14. Centro de Investigación y Acción en Determinación Social y Salud Mental (CIADES), Santiago, Chile

    María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada

  15. Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile

    María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada

  16. School of Obstetrics and Childcare, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile

    Liliana Zúñiga-Venegas

  17. Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile

    Patricio Yáñez

Authors
  1. Rocío Hojas
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  2. José Norambuena
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Contributions

**RH, JN, AP, JT, SP** : Writing – original draft, Visualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis. **JA, BF, FC, CV, LZV, BC, NL, BL, RC, CC, JPG, CS, PY, MIV, MVR, ACJ, TB: ** Writing – review & editing, Investigation, Formal analysis. **MTMQ: ** Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Software, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization, Validation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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The study protocol and informed consent were approved by the Scientific Ethics Committee of the Universidad Católica del Maule (Act 165/2023).

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Participation was voluntary, and all individuals provided informed consent after receiving detailed information about the study.

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Hojas, R., Norambuena, J., Ponce, A. et al. Environmental co-exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides and mental health status in rural communities near an industrial pig farming facility. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40098-1

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  • Received: 26 August 2025

  • Accepted: 10 February 2026

  • Published: 18 February 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40098-1

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Keywords

  • Pesticides
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Environmental exposure
  • Mental health
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ISSN 2045-2322 (online)

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