Table 1 Differences in socio-demographic variables between the four ethnic groups
From: Risk perception of arsenic exposure from rice intake in a UK population
Demographic Variable | White: English/Welsh/Scottish/ Northern Irish/ British (n = 75) | Asian/Asian British: Pakistani (n = 62) | Asian/Asian British: Bangladeshi (n = 31) | Black/African/ Caribbean/Black British (n = 16) | non-White Britisha (n = 109) | Total (n = 184) | p valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age: Mean years (standard deviation) | 48.6 (12.8) | 38.6 (12.6) | 40.8 (14.1) | 53.8 (16.1) | 41.4 (14.4) | 44.4 (14.2) | <0.001c |
Gender: Percentaged (Count) | |||||||
Male | 45.3 (34) | 40.3 (25) | 16.1 (5) | 25.0 (4) | 31.2 (34) | 37.0 (68) | 0.025 |
Female | 54.7 (41) | 59.7 (37) | 83.9 (26) | 75.0 (12) | 68.8 (75) | 63.0 (116) | |
Education: Percentage (Count) | |||||||
Primary | 10.7 (8) | 22.5 (14) | 32.3 (10) | 18.8 (3) | 18.0 (18) | 19.0 (35) | 0.002 |
Secondary | 66.7 (50) | 40.3 (25) | 25.8 (8) | 37.5 (6) | 39.0 (39) | 48.4 (89) | |
Higher Education (College/University) | 22.7 (17) | 37.1 (23) | 41.9 (13) | 43.8 (7) | 43.0 (43) | 32.6 (60) | |
Housing: Percentage (Count), missing value = 1 | |||||||
House owner | 33.3 (25) | 47.5 (29) | 38.7 (12) | 25.0 (4) | 41.7 (45) | 38.3 (70) | 0.258 |
Tenant and Others | 66.7 (50) | 52.5 (32) | 61.3 (19) | 75.0 (12) | 58.3 (63) | 61.7 (113) | |
Occupation: Percentage (Count) | |||||||
Self employed | 32.0 (24) | 41.9 (26) | 6.5 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 25.7 (28) | 28.3 (52) | <0.001 |
Employed | 30.7 (23) | 19.4 (12) | 22.6 (7) | 37.5 (6) | 22.9 (25) | 26.1 (48) | |
Unemployed | 37.3 (28) | 38.7 (24) | 71.0 (22) | 62.5 (10) | 51.4 (56) | 45.7 (84) | |
Average weekly spending on food: % (Count) | |||||||
<£20 | 13.3 (10) | 21.0 (13) | 16.1 (5) | 18.8 (3) | 19.2 (21) | 16.8 (31) | 0.016 |
£20-£50 | 70.7 (53) | 40.3 (25) | 54.8 (17) | 68.8 (11) | 48.6 (53) | 57.6 (106) | |
> £50 | 16.0 (12) | 38.7 (24) | 29.0 (9) | 12.5 (2) | 32.2 (35) | 25.5 (47) | |
Rice consumption frequency per week: Percentage (Count) | |||||||
Up to six times a week (recommended)e | 98.7 (74) | 96.8 (60) | 19.4 (6) | 93.8 (15) | 74.3 (81) | 84.2 (155) | <0.001 |
More than six times a week | 1.3 (1) | 3.2 (2) | 80.6 (25) | 6.2 (1) | 25.7 (28) | 15.8 (29) | |
Amount of rice consumption each time: Percentage (Count), missing = 1 | |||||||
Less than 1 cup (200 g) | 13.3 (10) | 24.6 (15) | 35.5 (11) | 31.3 (5) | 28.7 (31) | 22.4 (41) 47.0 (86) | 0.042f |
1 cup | 50.7 (38) | 39.3 (24) | 51.6 (16) | 50.0 (8) | 44.4 (48) | ||
2 cups or more | 36.0 (27) | 36.1 (22) | 12.9 (4) | 18.7 (3) | 26.9 (29) | 30.6 (56) | |
Rinsing: Percentage (Count), missing = 8 | |||||||
Yes | 82.1 (55) | 100.0 (62) | 100.0 (31) | 93.8 (15) | 99.1 (108) | 92.6 (163) | <0.001 |
No | 17.9 (12) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 6.3 (1) | 0.9 (1) | 7.4 (13) | |
Rice to water ratio: Percentage (Count), missing = 14 | |||||||
1: 1 (limited water) | 6.1 (4) | 17.2 (10) | 3.3 (1) | 25.0 (4) | 14.4 (15) | 11.2 (19) | 0.044 f |
1: 2 (required amount of water) | 74.2 (49) | 62.1 (36) | 73.3 (22) | 75.0 (12) | 67.3 (70) | 70.0 (119) | 18.8 (32) |
> 1:4 (excess water) | 19.7 (13) | 20.7 (12) | 23.3 (7) | 0.0 (0) | 18.3 (19) | ||
Inherited cooking practices: Percentage (Count), missing = 7 | |||||||
Yes | 78.6 (55) | 96.7 (58) | 90.3 (28) | 87.5 (14) | 93.5 (100) | 87.6 (155) | 0.019 |
No | 21.4 (15) | 3.3 (2) | 9.7 (3) | 12.5 (2) | 6.5 (7) | 12.4 (22) | |
Rice consumption at: Percentage (Count) | |||||||
Breakfast | 5.7 (4) | 6.7 (4) | 0.0 (0) | 7.1 (1) | 4.9 (5) | 5.2 (9) | <0.001 |
Lunch | 24.6 (17) | 26.3 (15) | 80.6 (25) | 64.3 (9) | 48.0 (49) | 38.6 (66) | |
Dinner | 60.3 (44) | 48.4 (30) | 77.4 (24) | 81.3 (13) | 61.5 (67) | 61.0 (111) | |
Consumption of other grains: Percentage (Count) | |||||||
Yes | 84.0 (63) | 79.0 (49) | 77.4 (24) | 87.5 (14) | 79.8 (87) | 81.5 (150) | 0.759 |
No | 16.0 (12) | 21.0 (13) | 22.6 (7) | 12.5 (2) | 20.2 (22) | 18.5 (34) | |
Substantial use of Mediag: Percentage (Count) | |||||||
Low use | 48.0 (36) | 75.8 (47) | 58.1 (18) | 50.0 (8) | 67.0 (73) | 59.2 (109) | 0.007 |
High use | 52.0 (39) | 24.2 (15) | 41.9 (13) | 50.0 (8) | 33.0 (36) | 40.8 (75) | |
Knowledge of arsenic: Percentage (count) | |||||||
Yes | 92.0 (69) | 11.3 (7) | 41.9 (13) | 87.5(14) | 31.2(34) | 56.0 (103) | <0.001 |
No | 8.0 (6) | 88.7 (55) | 58.1 (18) | 12.5 (2) | 68.8 (75) | 44.0 (81) | |
