Table 2 Description of the eight modeled landscape services and how their values were calculated for each raster cell
From: Assessing potential landscape service trade-offs driven by urbanization in Switzerland
LSS name and description | Quantification equation | Variable description |
|---|---|---|
Housing: provisioning of space for humans to live in | Housing = 1 × FFH + 6 × MFH | FFH: few-family houses MFH: multi-family houses |
Jobs: places that provide jobs in the 2nd and 3rd economic sectors | Jobs = MSI | MSI: manufacturing and service infrastructure |
Crop production: total production of plant-based agricultural products, proportional to the production costs | Crop production = (1 × AL + 1.04 × G&M + 10 × OVH) × LW factor | AL: arable land G&M: grassland and meadows OVH: Orchard, vineyard and horticulture LWfactor: productivity factor based on agricultural zones in Switzerland (FOAG, 2017), Range: 0.4–1 |
Reared animals: distribution of land use types that can potentially host reared animals or provide fodder for them | Reared animals = G&M + AAL | G&M: grassland and meadows AAL: Alpine agricultural land |
Forest products: primarily provisioning of timber, but indirectly a rough indication of carbon sequestration potential | Forest products = FO × Vol | FO: Forests Vol: standing volume per economic region (Abegg et al., 2014), Range: 225–465 m3 |
Hazard protection by forests: protection by forests where the risk of a local natural hazard exists and any sort of infrastructure is close by; only where forests are present | \(\begin{array}{l}{\rm{Hazard}}\,{\rm{protection}} = {\rm{Hazard}}\_{\rm{risk}}\\ \times \mathop {\sum}\nolimits_{9 \times 9\,{\rm{cells}}} {\left( {{\rm{FFH}} + {\rm{MFH}} + {\rm{MSI}} + {\rm{Transportation}}} \right)} \\ \times \mathop {\sum}\nolimits_{5 \times 5\,{\rm{cells}}} {\rm{{FO}}} \end{array}\) | FFH: few-family houses MFH: multi-family houses MSI: manufacturing and service infrastructure Transportation: large transportation routes FO: forests Hazard_risk: presence of local hazard risk derived from the data of the SilvaProtect-CH Project of FOEN (Losey and Wehrli, 2013) |
Biodiversity: general biodiversity, including special responsibilities for species with limited spatial distribution | \(\begin{array}{l}{\rm{Biodiversity}} = \\ \sum_{9 \times 9\,{\rm{cells}}} {\left[ \begin{array}{l}1 \times \left( {{\rm{MSI}} + {\rm{FFH}} + {\rm{MFH}} + {\rm{AL}}} \right)\\ + 2 \times {\rm{OVH}} + 3 \times {\rm{AAL}}\\ + 3 \times \left( {{\rm{G}}\& {\rm{M}} \cap {\rm{TWW}}} \right)\\ + 1 \times \left( {{\rm{G}}\& {\rm{M}}\backslash {\rm{TWW}} \times {\rm{Slope}} + 1} \right)\\ + {\rm{FO}} \times \left( {1 - \frac{{\sum_{9 \times 9\,{\rm{cells}}} {\rm{FO}}}}{{9 \times 9}} + 2} \right)\end{array} \right]} \end{array}\) | MSI: manufacturing and service infrastructure FFH: few-family houses MFH: multi-family houses AL: arable land OVH: Orchard, vineyard and horticulture AAL: Alpine agricultural land G&M: grassland and meadows TWW: dry meadows Slope: relative steepness of slope, Range: 0 (flat)–1 (steep) FO: forests |
Recreation: available space to perform outdoor activities close to the place of residence on a daily basis; a combination of supply and demand, both normalized to range from 0 to 1. | \(\begin{array}{l}{\rm{Demand}} = \sum_{9 \times 9\,{\rm{cells}}} {\left( {0.5 \times {\rm{FFH}} + 3 \times {\rm{MFH}}} \right)} \\ {\rm{Supply}} = \sum_{9 \times 9\,{\rm{cells}}} {\left[ \begin{array}{l}1 \times {\rm{AL}}\\ + 2 \times \left( {{\rm{OVH}} + {\rm{G}}\& {\rm{M}} + {\rm{AAL}}} \right)\\ + 3 \times \left( {{\rm{FO}} + {\rm{Lakes}} + {\rm{Rivers}}} \right)\end{array} \right]} \\ {\rm{Recreation}} = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{\rm{Supply}} - {\rm{Demand}},\quad \quad {\rm{Demand}} \ge {\rm{Supply}}} \\ {{\rm{Demand}},\quad \quad {\rm{Demand}}\, < \,{\rm{Supply}}} \end{array}} \right.\end{array}\) | FFH: few-family houses MFH: multi-family houses AL: arable land OVH: Orchard, vineyard and horticulture G&M: grassland and meadows AAL: Alpine agricultural land FO: forests Lakes: lake present Rivers: river present |
