Fig. 3: Conflicts, plagues, and fatalities (CPF) compared to the evolution of world population and climate oscillations.
From: Conflicts and the spread of plagues in pre-industrial Europe
The composite sequence, termed CPF (z-scores), is detailed with its long-term trend (3-year smoothing). A sinusoidal model was added (Pvalue < 0.001). The evolution of world population and growth rates (50-year average) are shown. The climate data are European summer temperature anomalies (Luterbacher et al., 2016) and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (Cook et al., 2015). The blue shading highlights the plateau phase in world population. All dates are expressed in years AD.
