Fig. 5: Periodicities of the time series (conflicts, plague outbreaks, fatalities, temperature anomalies, and precipitation).
From: Conflicts and the spread of plagues in pre-industrial Europe
Wavelet transforms (scalograms) are shown for each time series. The main cycles are indicated on each graph. The cone of influence is depicted as a gray line, and the significance level (P = 0.05) as white lines. The climate data derived from the European summer temperature anomalies (Luterbacher et al., 2016) and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (Cook et al., 2015). The main zone of correlation between the time series is defined by the Mantel scalograms (distance measure: Bray–Curtis) and highlighted by yellow shading. All dates are expressed as years AD.
