Fig. 8: Perception of risks/hazards acting as emptying behaviour determinants, desired emptying acting as behaviour determinants, emptying norms acting as emptying behaviour determinants, and emptying ability acting as emptying behaviour determinants of onsite sanitation systems.

a Scenario I: illustrating perception of risks/hazards acting as emptying behaviour determinants of onsite sanitation systems (OSS); b Scenario II: illustrating perception of desired emptying acting as behaviour determinants of onsite sanitation systems (OSS). It is a schematic showing possible cases whereby perception acts as behaviour determinants for onsite sanitation systems/non-sewered sanitation systems (OSS/NSS); c Scenario III: illustrating perception of emptying norms acting as emptying behaviour determinants of onsite sanitation systems (OSS); and d Scenario IV: illustrating perception of emptying ability acting as emptying behaviour determinants of onsite sanitation system. It is a schematic showing possible cases whereby perception act as behaviour determinants for onsite sanitation systems/non-sewered sanitation systems. Perception cues are necessary triggers that could stimulate and prime actual emptying perception; perception straighteners are certain circumstances/conditions that could strengthened emptying perceptions; perception pathways the possible route that perception takes towards corresponding behaviours; the output is the resulting behaviour which in this case, could be timely and safe emptying or unsafe reactive emptying. It shows how certain social and cultural cues lead to certain perceptions that are strengthened by information and cognitive processes that cause related attitudes and intentions to behave in corresponding manner.