Fig. 1: Contrast between direct and indirect social learning (“cultural causal chains” (based on the framework developped by Sperber, 2006)). | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications

Fig. 1: Contrast between direct and indirect social learning (“cultural causal chains” (based on the framework developped by Sperber, 2006)).

From: Do guide dogs have culture? The case of indirect social learning

Fig. 1

a Example of direct social learning (DSL): Chimpanzees can, in certain circumstances, acquire new foraging techniques by watching others use that technique (Hopper et al., 2007; Whiten et al., 2005). The presence of the demonstrator is necessary for the transmission to occur (Hopper et al., 2007). b Example of indirect social learning (ISL): Individuals leave traces in the environment such as partially eaten pinecones (B1), books (B2) or paths (B3) that are used by others. Circled: mental representations (internal to the individual). Boxed: public productions (accessible to other individuals).

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