Fig. 3: Illustration of the parallel mediation analysis.

Note. All pathways were significant at p < 0.001 level. Indirect effects of belief in the risk-acceptance type of COVID-19 conspiracy theory via risk perception (partial standardised indirect effect = 0.02, bootstrapped SE = 0.00, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.03]) and negative emotions toward COVID-19 (partial standardised indirect effect = 0.02, bootstrapped SE = 0.00, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.04]) were significant. Indirect effects of belief in the risk-rejection type of COVID-19 conspiracy theory via risk perception (partial standardised indirect effect = −0.02, bootstrapped SE = 0.00, 95% CI = [−0.02, −0.01]) and negative emotions toward COVID-19 (partial standardised indirect effect = −0.01, bootstrapped SE = 0.00, 95% CI = [−0.02, −0.01]) were significant. See Supplementary Table 4 for the detail of the results.