Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants (N = 3606).

From: Dog ownership, dog walking, and social capital

Variable

N (%) or Mean (S.D.)

Total

20 to 64 years old

(n = 1884)

At least 65 years old

(n = 1722)

Gender

Female

1912 (53.0)

970 (51.5)

942 (54.7)

Male

1694 (47.0)

914 (48.5)

780 (45.3)

Education levela

Tertiary or higher

1227 (34.0)

896 (47.6)

331 (19.2)

Below tertiary

2379 (66.0)

988 (52.4)

1391 (80.8)

Marital statusa

Single

805 (22.3)

551 (29.2)

254 (14.8)

Married

2801 (77.7)

1333 (70.8)

1468 (85.2)

Length of residencea

33.5 (22.3)

24.1 (17.6)

43.3 (22.7)

Dog ownership/dog walkinga

Non-dog owners

3099 (85.9)

1582 (84)

1517 (88.1)

Dog owner non-walkers

225 (6.2)

153 (8.1)

72 (4.2)

Dog owner walkers

282 (7.8)

149 (7.9)

133 (7.7)

Social cohesion

3.6 (0.7)

3.6 (0.7)

3.6 (0.7)

Activities with neighboursa

2.2 (0.6)

2.1 (0.6)

2.3 (0.6)

  1. aStatistically significant difference (p < 0.05) based on Pearson’s chi-square or t-test.
  2. Social capital: min = 1, max = 5; Activities with neighbours: min = 1, max = 4; Higher scores indicate more social cohesion and more activities with neighbours.