Table 3 Age-stratified adjusted linear regression estimates (marginal means) and 95% confidence intervals for differences in social capital scores by dog ownership and dog walking status.

From: Dog ownership, dog walking, and social capital

 

Social cohesion

Activities with neighbours

Young-to-middle-aged adults

(n = 1884)

Older adults

(n = 1722)

Young-to-middle-aged adults

(n = 1884)

Older adults

(n = 1722)

Marginal mean (95CI)

Marginal mean (95CI)

Marginal mean (95CI)

Marginal mean (95CI)

Non-dog owners

3.55 (3.51, 3.58)

3.56 (3.53, 3.60)

2.08 (2.05, 2.11)a

2.30 (2.27, 2.33)

Dog owner non-walkers

3.65 (3.54, 3.75)

3.57 (3.42, 3.73)

2.07 (1.97, 2.18)

2.27 (2.13, 2.41)

Dog owner walkers

3.61 (3.50, 3.71)

3.55 (3.43, 3.66)

2.24 (2.14, 2.34)a

2.32 (2.21, 2.42)

  1. CI confidence interval, All models adjusted for age, gender, education, marital status, and length of residence.
  2. aDog owner walkers group significantly differs from the non-dog owner group (p < 0.05) based on the marginal mean estimate from the multivariable linear regression models (with Tukey-adjusted pairwise comparison).
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