Table 2 Overlap/similarity on the Inclusion of Others in the Self Scale.

From: Comparing personal and social optimism biases: magnitude, overlap, modifiability, and links with social identification and expertise

Overlap/similarity

M

SD

Min

Max

F(2, 98)

p

Self ∩ indirect in-group

5.2

1.99

1

7

0.52

0.595

Self ∩ abstract in-group

4.6

1.86

1

7

0.58

0.558

  1. Means (M), standard deviations (SD), and minimum and maximum values displayed for the comparison of different players.
  2. Note. N = 101 (not assessed in sample 4 [non-soccer feedback sample]). F and p values refer to one-factorial analyses of variance (ANOVAs) testing for differences in the IOS Scale ratings between samples 1–3. These ANOVAs clearly show that identification did not differ between samples, thereby ruling out confounding effects of identification regarding Aim 3 (Influence of expertise on personal and social forms of optimism bias, see previous section) analyses.
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