Table 3 Estimation of HHIs according to university type.

From: Adopting the Hirschman–Herfindahl Index to estimate the financial sustainability of Vietnamese public universities

HHI

Overall

Age

Total enrollment

Orientation

Location

Over 50-year-old

Under 50-year-old

p-value

Over 10,000 students

Under 10,000 students

p-value

Teaching

Research

p-value

Northern

Central and Southern

p-value

HHI -Aggregation approach

0.559 ± 0.018

0.537 ± 0.024

0.579 ± 0.026

0.2453

0.551 ± 0.023

0.563 ± 0.028

0.7755

0.597 ± 0.019

0.522 ± 0.023

0.0329

0.574 ± 0.027

0.542 ± 0.032

0.3747

HHI -Disaggregation approach

0.479 ± 0.022

0.453 ± 0.026

0.503 ± 0.033

0.2463

0.492 ± 0.019

0.472 ± 0.023

0.6931

0.485 ± 0.025

0.473 ± 0.030

0.7807

0.508 ± 0.023

0.446 ± 0.028

0.1469

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