Table 1 Details of five most notable and widely used vaccines.

Developer (Country)

Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (Russia)

Pfizer (US) & BioNTech (Germany)

Moderna, the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (US)

Oxford University (UK) and AstraZeneca (UK and Sweden)

Sinovac Biotech (China)

Phase 1 date (Participants)

June 18–August 3, 2020 (76 participants) (Logunov et al., 2020)

May 4–June 19, 2020 (45 participants) (Mulligan et al., 2020)

March 16–April 14, 2020 (45 participants) (Jackson et al., 2020)

April 23–May 21, 2020 (1077 participants) (Folegatti et al., 2020)

April 16 – May 22, 2020 (144 participants) (Zhang et al., 2021)

Phase 2 date (Participants)

May 29–July 8, 2020 (600 participants) (Chu et al. 2021)

May 3–June 2, 2020 (600 participants)

Phase 3 date (Participants)

September 7–November 24, 2020 (21,977 participants) (Logunov et al., 2021)

27 July–November 14, 2020 (43,448 participants) (Polack et al., 2020)

July 27 – October 23, 2020 (30,420 participants) (Baden et al., 2020)

23 April–November 4, 2020 (23,848 participants) (Voysey et al., 2020)

NA

Type

Adenovirus vector

RNA

RNA

Adenovirus vector

Inactivated virus vaccines

Efficacy

Around 91.6%

Around 95%

Around 94.1%

Around 70.4%

Around 84% in Turkey, 67% in Chile, 65% in Indonesia, and 51% in Brazil (SAGE Working Group, 2021)

First authorization date and organization

Authorized by the Russian Ministry of Health on August 11, 2020

Authorized by Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (UK) on December 2, 2020

Authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (US) on December 18, 2020

Authorized by the Department of Health and Social Care (UK) on December 30, 2020

Authorized by the National Medical Products Administration (China) on February 6, 2021

Number of shots

2 shots, 21 days apart

2 shots, 21 days apart

2 shots, 28 days apart

2 shots, four to twelve weeks apart

2 shots, 21 or more days apart

Storage temperature and time

2–8 °C

2 months (Japaridze, 2021)

2–8 °C

1 month (Administration, 2021)

2–8 °C

1 month (Moderna, 2021)

2–8 °C

6 months (Khan Sharun & Dhama, 2021)

2–8 °C

3 years (Kim & Liu, 2021)

Price per dose

$3–$27.15

$6.75–$19.5

$15–$37

$2.19–$13.27

$5–$32.52

Authorization countries (Wikipedia, 2021)

74 countries

113 countries

77 countries

172 countries

49 countries