Table 2 Themes, clusters and topics emerging from textual analysis of peer-reviewed articles on environmental and climate-related migration from 1991 to 2020. Frequent terms within topics (see the full list of terms in Table S1 in SM) and the percentage of articles belonging to each topic are shown. Each topic was classified as being closest linguistically to those to which it is adjacent.
Topic (topic no.) | Most frequent distinct keywords | % |
|---|---|---|
Impact theme | ||
Cluster 1: Vulnerability | 31.1 | |
Relocation of Pacific island societies (1) | Pacific islands, climate change, relocation, migration, sea-level rise, culture, village, impact, vulnerability | 3.3 |
Tsunami impact on coastal population (2) | Coastal, tsunami, sea-level rise, storm surge, scenario, impact, damage, vulnerability | 2.5 |
Cyclone impact on coastal communities (3) | Flood, water, river, coastal erosion, cyclone, fish, village, displacement, livelihood impact, vulnerability, Bangladesh | 2.7 |
Environmental impact of dams (4) | Water, resources, development, impact, environment, ecosystem, impact, dam, energy | 2.3 |
Conflict over resource scarcity (5) | Climate change, security, conflict, violence, food, water, drought, Africa, impact, migration | 2.2 |
Land use changes (6) | China, development, farmland, ecology, water, environment, mountain, growth, settlement abandonment | 2.4 |
Impacts of amenity migration (7) | Migration, population, rural, in-migration, amenity, place, urban, housing, retirement, preference, distance, employment | 2.4 |
Employment driven farm out-migration (8) | Farm labour, rural, employment, village, development, market, industry, capital, skilled migrant | 2.2 |
Environmental impacts of human mobility (9) | Forest, soil, degradation, vegetation change, farming, water, ecological impact, conservation | 2.3 |
Degradation driven migration of farming households (10) | Farming, food, crop production, soil degradation, Africa, migration, season | 2.7 |
Wildlife human conflict (11) | Forest, fish, local resources, wildlife, protection, impact, conservation, access | 3.3 |
Development induced community displacement (12) | Resettlement, relocation, displacement, community, compensation, dam construction, impact, Indigenous | 2.8 |
Cluster 2: Residential | 19.2 | |
Eviction of slum dwellers (13) | Urban, settlement, slum dwellers, environment, water, infrastructure, planning, eviction | 1.2 |
Urban green space and displacement (14) | Urban green space, recreation, amenities, housing, development, impact, displacement | 1.1 |
Impact of pollution on location choice (15) | Air pollution, mobility, impact, waste, exposure, health | 2.0 |
War and migration (16) | War, drought, population, movements, border, famine, settlement, forced | 2.2 |
Climate change health impacts (17) | Health, climate change, disease, impact, food, water, heat, mental, vulnerability, displacement, malaria | 1.7 |
Fire evacuation (18) | Fire, evacuation, residential, property, protect, stay, home, Australia, threat | 2.3 |
Volcanic eruptions (19) | Residential, volcanic eruption, community, displacement, green space, gentrification, housing, community | 1.6 |
Amenity migration (20) | Rural, development, residential, nature, lifestyle, amenity, Australia, migrant, impact, home, tourism | 2.3 |
Gender (21) | Women, gender, livestock, men, village, pastoralism, family, traditional, mobility, social | 2.4 |
Forest to farming conversion (22) | Deforestation, farming, Amazon, cattle, coffee, palm oil, settlement, Indigenous, impact | 2.4 |
Adaptation theme | ||
Cluster 3: Farming | 13.4 | |
Rural out-migration (23) | Migration, out-migration, rural, internal, rainfall, farming, climate change, destination, drought | 3.5 |
Models of migration as adaptation (24) | Climate change, farming, scenario, effects, cost, loss, income, migration, adaptation | 3.0 |
Drought adaptation of farmers (25) | Farming, climate change, adaptation, livelihood, strategy, crop, drought, rainfall, food, adopt, diversification, capacity | 4.4 |
Labour migration and remittances (26) | Farming, rural, household, income, labour, migration, remittance, migrant, off-farm | 2.5 |
Cluster 4: Disaster | 14.5 | |
Sudden-onset disaster recovery (27) | Disaster, earthquake, flood, typhoon, governance, information, emergency, community, recovery, evacuation, prepared, capacity | 2.5 |
Hurricane evacuation and warning (28) | Evacuation, hurricane, risk, warning, order, shelter, information, emergency, social media | 3.9 |
Hurricane damage and relocation (29) | Disaster, damage, relocation, displacement, return, recovery, displacement, hurricane, Katrina, buyout, property | 2.9 |
Risk behavioural models (30) | Hazard, response, risk, perception, behaviour, preparedness, flood, earthquake, evacuation | 2.9 |
Spatial analysis of flood risk (31) | Flood, spatial, hazard risk, agent-based model, scenario, prediction, pattern | 2.3 |
Cluster 5: Governance | 22.5 | |
South-North migration (32) | Countries, global, immigration, internal, Africa, Europe, policy, demographic, poverty, labour, income | 3.1 |
Climate change refugee policy (33) | Refugee, climate change, displacement, internal, protection, policy, legal, governance, convention | 4.0 |
Concepts of environmental and climate change migration (34) | Environment, climate change, migration, displacement, driver, decision, internal, destination, livelihoods, policy | 4.2 |
Post-disaster community resilience (35) | Social, family, community, place, culture, network, migrant, mobility, process, support, response, return | 3.1 |
Global climate change discourse (36) | Climate change, governance, policy, global, discourse, framework, justice, science, society, mobility | 3.8 |
Climate change adaptation policy (37) | Relocation, climate change, community, adaptive capacity, governance, resilience, policy | 4.3 |
