Table 2 Association between parental characteristics and any anthropometric failure (aged 0–59 months).

From: Association of parental characteristics with offspring anthropometric failure, anaemia and mortality in India

  

Model Ia

Model IIb

Model IIIc

 

Number of children with any anthropometric failure, n

Father

Mother

Father

Mother

Parental characteristics

Father

Mother

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Age (in years)

 15–29

5563

9919

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 30–39

6902

3730

0.85 (0.76–0.95)

0.004

0.93 (0.82–1.05)

0.241

0.87 (0.77–0.97)

0.016

0.95 (0.83–1.09)

0.489

 ≥40

1585

401

0.74 (0.61–0.89)

0.001

0.93 (0.70–1.24)

0.627

0.80 (0.65–0.97)

0.025

0.96 (0.70–1.31)

0.781

Age at marriage (years)

 <18

1362

5448

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 18–20

3416

5162

0.95 (0.82–1.09)

0.443

1.02 (0.92–1.13)

0.685

0.97 (0.84–1.11)

0.641

1.04 (0.93–1.15)

0.514

 21–25

5884

2887

0.93 (0.81–1.07)

0.295

0.99 (0.87–1.14)

0.912

0.94 (0.81–1.08)

0.393

1.04 (0.90–1.20)

0.600

 ≥26

3388

553

0.84 (0.71–1.00)

0.049

0.85 (0.66–1.11)

0.229

0.89 (0.75–1.06)

0.199

0.92 (0.70–1.20)

0.540

Education

 None or incomplete primary

4098

6065

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Primary or incomplete secondary

7540

6168

0.89 (0.80–0.98)

0.021

0.78 (0.71–0.85)

<0.001

0.96 (0.87–1.06)

0.441

0.82 (0.75–0.91)

<0.001

 Secondary or higher

2412

1817

0.73 (0.64–0.84)

<0.001

0.66 (0.57–0.77)

<0.001

0.85 (0.74–0.98)

0.025

0.76 (0.65–0.89)

0.001

Employment

 Unemployed

827

10,292

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Non-manual

2830

620

1.05 (0.89–1.25)

0.539

1.02 (0.85–1.24)

0.804

1.11 (0.93–1.31)

0.241

1.04 (0.85–1.25)

0.723

 Agricultural

5536

2271

1.12 (0.95–1.31)

0.170

1.02 (0.91–1.13)

0.784

1.15 (0.98–1.35)

0.083

0.98 (0.88–1.10)

0.740

 Manual/others

4857

867

1.04 (0.89–1.23)

0.595

1.05 (0.88–1.25)

0.564

1.07 (0.91–1.26)

0.399

1.03 (0.86–1.22)

0.760

Height (in cm)

 <145

82

2177

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 145–149.9

344

4193

0.78 (0.36–1.70)

0.535

0.66 (0.57–0.76)

<0.001

0.84 (0.38–1.87)

0.668

0.69 (0.60–0.80)

<0.001

 150–154.9

1364

4652

0.75 (0.36–1.57)

0.448

0.53 (0.46–0.60)

<0.001

0.82 (0.38–1.77)

0.618

0.57 (0.49–0.65)

<0.001

 155–159.9

3192

2303

0.61 (0.29–1.26)

0.181

0.39 (0.34–0.46)

<0.001

0.71 (0.33–1.51)

0.373

0.43 (0.37–0.50)

<0.001

 ≥160

9068

725

0.39 (0.19–0.80)

0.011

0.28 (0.23–0.34)

<0.001

0.49 (0.23–1.04)

0.064

0.32 (0.27–0.38)

<0.001

BMI

 <17.00

842

1599

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 17.00–18.49

1904

2428

0.90 (0.73–1.11)

0.329

0.77 (0.66–0.90)

0.001

0.94 (0.77–1.16)

0.589

0.79 (0.68–0.92)

0.003

 18.50–23.49

7935

7605

0.67 (0.56–0.81)

<0.001

0.61 (0.53–0.69)

<0.001

0.75 (0.62–0.90)

0.002

0.64 (0.56–0.73)

<0.001

 23.50–24.99

1465

1016

0.55 (0.44–0.68)

<0.001

0.53 (0.44–0.63)

<0.001

0.63 (0.51–0.78)

<0.001

0.57 (0.48–0.69)

<0.001

 25.00–29.99

1656

1150

0.58 (0.47–0.71)

<0.001

0.47 (0.39–0.57)

<0.001

0.69 (0.56–0.85)

<0.001

0.52 (0.43–0.63)

<0.001

 ≥30.00

248

252

0.43 (0.32–0.60)

<0.001

0.34 (0.26–0.44)

<0.001

0.55 (0.39–0.75)

<0.001

0.38 (0.29–0.50)

<0.001

Tobacco use

 Non-user

5015

12,525

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 User

9035

1525

1.10 (1.01–1.20)

0.029

1.11 (0.97–1.29)

0.134

1.07 (0.99–1.17)

0.103

1.06 (0.92–1.23)

0.409

Alcohol use

 Non-user

8410

13,720

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 User

5640

330

0.99 (0.91–1.07)

0.767

0.87 (0.65–1.17)

0.360

0.97 (0.89–1.05)

0.409

0.89 (0.66–1.20)

0.447

Diabetes status

 Non-diabetic

13,170

13,612

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Diabetic

880

438

0.89 (0.76–1.04)

0.143

0.85 (0.69–1.04)

0.120

0.91 (0.77–1.07)

0.263

0.89 (0.72–1.10)

0.287

Hypertension status

 Non-hypertensive

13,529

13,890

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Hypertensive

521

160

1.11 (0.92–1.35)

0.289

0.70 (0.51–0.95)

0.020

1.10 (0.90–1.34)

0.361

0.69 (0.51–0.94)

0.018

  1. All n are un-weighted.
  2. BMI body mass index (kg/m2), CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.
  3. aAdjusted for father’s characteristics and maternal age at birth, child age, sex, birth order, area of residence, religion, social group, wealth index, and states of residence.
  4. bAdjusted for mother’s characteristics and maternal age at birth, child age, sex, birth order, area of residence, religion, social group, wealth index, and states of residence.
  5. cAdjusted for parental (father and mother) characteristics and maternal age at birth, child age, sex, birth order, area of residence, religion, social group, wealth index, and states of residence.
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