Table 4 Association between parental characteristics and under-five mortality (aged 0–59 months).

From: Association of parental characteristics with offspring anthropometric failure, anaemia and mortality in India

  

Model Ia

Model IIb

Model IIIc

 
 

Number under-five mortality, n

Father

Mother

Father

Mother

Parental characteristics

Father

Mother

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Age (in years)

 15–29

508

886

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 30–39

628

395

0.95 (0.77–1.18)

0.651

1.01 (0.81–1.27)

0.918

0.94 (0.76–1.17)

0.587

0.99 (0.76–1.28)

0.912

 ≥40

204

59

1.30 (0.91–1.87)

0.153

1.25 (0.72–2.17)

0.426

1.27 (0.84–1.91)

0.252

0.94 (0.51–1.72)

0.840

Age at marriage (years)

 <18

126

538

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 18–20

335

477

1.29 (0.99–1.69)

0.062

1.08 (0.88–1.32)

0.460

1.35 (1.03–1.76)

0.029

1.06 (0.87–1.30)

0.542

 21–25

588

273

1.37 (1.06–1.78)

0.016

1.13 (0.85–1.50)

0.393

1.43 (1.10–1.87)

0.008

1.25 (0.94–1.66)

0.127

 ≥26

291

52

0.88 (0.64–1.23)

0.461

1.20 (0.68–2.11)

0.523

0.90 (0.64–1.27)

0.558

1.47 (0.83–2.59)

0.183

Education

 No or incomplete primary

473

646

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Primary or incomplete secondary

681

558

0.68 (0.57–0.81)

<0.001

0.75 (0.62–0.91)

0.003

0.72 (0.60–0.87)

<0.001

0.82 (0.68–0.99)

0.040

 Secondary or higher

186

136

0.56 (0.42–0.74)

<0.001

0.61 (0.42–0.90)

0.012

0.62 (0.45–0.86)

0.004

0.73 (0.48–1.13)

0.163

Employment

 Unemployed

86

936

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Non-manual

260

67

0.89 (0.63–1.27)

0.537

1.13 (0.76–1.68)

0.549

0.93 (0.65–1.32)

0.671

1.13 (0.77–1.67)

0.536

 Agricultural

525

249

0.78 (0.56–1.09)

0.140

1.11 (0.89–1.37)

0.353

0.79 (0.57–1.10)

0.160

1.11 (0.89–1.39)

0.363

 Manual/others

469

88

0.80 (0.57–1.13)

0.205

0.95 (0.71–1.26)

0.719

0.82 (0.59–1.16)

0.260

0.91 (0.68–1.23)

0.546

Height (in cm)

 <145

7

227

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 145–149.9

34

406

0.77 (0.29–2.08)

0.612

0.88 (0.69–1.11)

0.281

0.80 (0.29–2.21)

0.667

0.89 (0.70–1.14)

0.350

 150–154.9

97

414

0.62 (0.24–1.57)

0.311

0.70 (0.55–0.87)

0.002

0.64 (0.25–1.69)

0.371

0.71 (0.56–0.89)

0.003

 155–159.9

284

221

0.74 (0.30–1.86)

0.528

0.64 (0.49–0.85)

0.002

0.81 (0.31–2.08)

0.661

0.66 (0.50–0.88)

0.004

 ≥160

918

72

0.69 (0.28–1.70)

0.417

0.61 (0.40–0.93)

0.020

0.78 (0.31–1.98)

0.605

0.64 (0.42–0.97)

0.036

BMI

 <17.00

82

139

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 17.00–18.49

179

202

0.95 (0.65–1.36)

0.763

0.94 (0.70–1.25)

0.673

0.96 (0.66–1.39)

0.813

0.97 (0.72–1.29)

0.827

 18.50–23.49

762

716

0.85 (0.62–1.16)

0.307

0.92 (0.72–1.18)

0.533

0.87 (0.63–1.21)

0.412

0.96 (0.75–1.23)

0.733

 23.50–24.99

125

126

0.62 (0.42–0.93)

0.021

1.33 (0.92–1.92)

0.128

0.66 (0.44–0.99)

0.043

1.40 (0.97–2.03)

0.076

 25.00–29.99

164

120

0.75 (0.51–1.10)

0.142

0.89 (0.62–1.27)

0.517

0.77 (0.52–1.13)

0.183

0.93 (0.65–1.34)

0.701

 ≥30.00

28

37

0.90 (0.46–1.77)

0.754

1.08 (0.67–1.73)

0.760

0.93 (0.47–1.84)

0.836

1.13 (0.69–1.83)

0.627

Tobacco use

 Non-user

468

1140

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 User

872

200

1.03 (0.85–1.24)

0.765

1.51 (1.18–1.92)

0.001

1.00 (0.83–1.20)

0.987

1.50 (1.17–1.91)

0.001

Alcohol use

 Non-user

812

1292

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 User

528

48

0.93 (0.79–1.100

0.400

1.13 (0.66–1.91)

0.658

0.91 (0.77–1.08)

0.275

1.16 (0.67–2.01)

0.592

Diabetes status

 Non-diabetic

1230

1288

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Diabetic

110

52

1.34 (1.00–1.80)

0.050

0.94 (0.65–1.36)

0.740

1.36 (1.01–1.82)

0.040

0.91 (0.62–1.32)

0.612

Hypertension status

 Non-hypertensive

1279

1319

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Hypertensive

61

21

1.03 (0.73–1.45)

0.868

1.04 (0.60–1.81)

0.888

1.02 (0.73–1.44)

0.903

1.02 (0.59–1.76)

0.940

  1. All n are un-weighted.
  2. BMI body mass index (kg/m2), CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.
  3. aAdjusted for father’s characteristics and maternal age at birth, child age, sex, birth order, area of residence, religion, social group, wealth index, and states of residence.
  4. bAdjusted for mother’s characteristics and maternal age at birth, child age, sex, birth order, area of residence, religion, social group, wealth index, and states of residence.
  5. cAdjusted for parental (father and mother) characteristics and maternal age at birth, child age, sex, birth order, area of residence, religion, social group, wealth index, and states of residence.
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