Table 1 Sectors descriptions and adaptation options by adaptation category.

Terrestrial & freshwater ecosystem = t

Et1: Integrated watershed management, Et2: Ecosystem restoration (woodland restoration), Et3: Sustainable aquaculture, Et4: Ecosystem restoration, Et5: Reduced deforestation and forest degradation, Afforestation, Reforestation, Forest conservation and forest restoration, Et6: Biodiversity management/conservation X—Ecosystem restoration (grassland restoration)

X—Management of invasive

species/encroachment

X—Restoration and reduced conversion of peatlands

X—Reduced landslides and

natural hazards (e.g. natural barriers, terraces)

X—Avoiding pollution including acidification (water quality improvement)

It1: Community-based natural resource management

Ocean & coastal ecosystem = o

Eo1: Coral reef conservation & mangrove restoration, Eo2: Sustainable aquaculture.

X—Restoration and reduced conversion of coastal wetlands

To1: Coastal defence and hardening

Io1: Biodiversity conservation, protection (e.g., Marine Protected Areas);

Mountain ecosystem = m

Em1: Watershed management, Em2: Ecosystem management, conservation and restoration, Em3: (agro)Biodiversity management/conservation;

Bm1: Livelihood diversification and financial measures, Bm2: Mobility;

Tm1: Reduced landslides and natural hazards

Im1: Community-based natural resource management;

Food, fibre & other ecosystems products = f

Ef1: Crop diversification, Ef2: Agroforestry, Ef3: Mixed crop-livestock, Ef4: Conservation farming practices (no soil disturbance; crop rotation, mulching), Ef5: Water conservation and efficiency, Ef6: Agroecology. X—improved soil management

Bf1: Reduced crop, post-harvest, food losses, and waste, Bf2: Livelihood diversification.

X—Dietary change

X—Plant cultivar improvements or livestock species breeding, X—Improved food processing and retailing, X—Improved irrigation efficiency and use

If1: Community-based adaptation, If2: Formal institutional capacity-building (e.g., agri extension, credit services, marketing facilities), If3: Regional & local food systems strengthening, short food circuits, If4: Climate Information Services, including weather index insurance products, If5- Social network institutional support (e.g., social support groups), If6: Local seeds strengthen (e.g., community seed banks)

Water & sanitation = w

Ew1: Increasing supply (e.g. rooftop rainwater harvesting, protecting urban wetlands), Ew2: Ecosystem restoration—nature-based solutions;

Bw1: Water and sanitation approaches, Bw2: Natural Disasters;

Tw1: Flood management through infrastructural measures and buildings and early warning systems, Tw2—Storage Strategies, Tw3—WaSH Infrastructure

Poverty, livelihood & SD = p

X—Ecosystem-based service for improving livelihoods

Bp1: Livelihood diversification, Bp2: Human migration, relocation, retreat, Bp3: Economic incentives during disasters. X—Unemployment cash benefits X—Special support schemes for people with disabilities x-Storage strategies

X—Infrastructure, technology, and climate service delivery for improving living conditions

Ip1: Post-disaster social safety nets

X—Risk insurance

X—Indigenous knowledge

Health, well-being, and changing communities’ structure = h

Eh1: Ecosystem-based approaches for health and well-being;

Bh1: Indigenous knowledge, Bh2: Human migration;

Th1: Disaster risk management, Th2: Climate services, Th3: Infrastructure and health

Ih1: Risk-sharing and spreading insurance and credit programmes,

Ih2: Education and learning, Ih3: Population health and health systems,

Ih4: Social safety nets & social protection,

Ih5: Integrated climate change adaptation policies, Ih6: Community-based climate adaptation

Cities, settlements & key infrastructures = c

Ec1: Green infrastructure, nature-based solutions;

Bc1: Awareness about climate risks; awareness and uptake of disaster management protocols

Tc1: Heat-related adaptation (passive cooling in buildings, cool roofs, etc.),

Tc2: Relocating/refurbishing the critical infrastructure

Ic1: Sustainable land-use & urban planning

Industrial system transition = i

X—Industrial site selection

Bi1: Dialogue with the actors on the supply chain;

X—Automation/industrial ecology/circular economy

Ii1: Industrial health safety, cooling of workspace