Fig. 2: Tract-level per-capita income distribution and SHAP analysis results.

a The mean absolute SHAP value indicating the total contribution of spatial or socio-economic features to Tract-level per-capita income estimation. b The mean absolute SHAP value indicating the contribution of individual socio-economic features to Tract-level per-capita income estimation. c The SHAP value indicating the contribution of individual socio-economic features to Tract-level per-capita income estimation, with each dot corresponding to a value of a particular Tract/district. d Tract-level per-capita income distribution.